NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 ECONOMICS & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PDF

NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR ECONOMICS & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDOUT #1...

NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR ECONOMICS & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDOUT #1 DEVELOPMENT Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 1  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 THE STORY OF PALAMPUR (Class 9: Chapter 1) 3 1.1 ORGANISATION OF PRODUCTION 1.2 FARMING IN PALAMPUR 1.3 NON-FARMING ACTIVITIES IN PALAMPUR 1.4 THE FUTURE 2 DEVELOPMENT (Class 10: Chapter 1) 9 2.1 WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? 2.2 MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT 2.3 GRASPING KEY TERMS Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 2  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR NCERT COVERAGE Class 9: Chapter 1 - The Story of Palampur Class 10: Chapter 1 – Development KEY TERMS TO REMEMBER 1. Factors of Production 8. Developed Vs. Developing Countries 2. Fixed Capital Vs. Working Capital 9. Human Development: Material vs Non Material 3. Farmers (Marginal, Small, Medium, Large), 10. Infant Mortality Rate Tenants, Farm Labourers, Share Croppers etc 4. Farm Production, Productivity, Area 11. Literacy Rate 5. Sustainable Agriculture 12. Net Attendance Ratio 6. National Income & GDP 13. Sustainable Development 7. Per Capita Income 14. Renewable & Non Renewable Sources * We took all care in preparing this document. If you still find any discrepancy in the information provided, please inform 1 us at [email protected] THE STORY OF PALAMPUR (Class 9: Chapter 1) 1.1 ORGANISATION OF PRODUCTION AN INTRODUCTION The purpose of the story of Palampur is to introduce some basic concepts related to production through a hypothetical village called Palampur where farming is the main activity. The village also has several other activities such as small scale manufacturing, dairy, transport, etc, carried out on a limited scale. Palampur is fairly connected with a well-developed system of roads, transport, electricity, irrigation, schools and health centres. The story of Palampur takes us through the different types of production activities in the village. In India, farming is the main production activity across villages. The aim of production is to produce the goods and services that we want. There are four requirements for production of goods and services. 1. Land, and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals. 2. Labour, i.e., people who will do the work. 3. Physical capital, i.e., the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. Includes - Tools, machines, & buildings that can be used in production over many years. They are also called Fixed capital. - Raw materials (eg. yarn used by weaver) & Money in hand (Monetary Resources). Together they form Working Capital. - Note: While working capital gets used up in the production process and lose their identity, fixed capital acts as a production enabler. 4. Entrepreneur: Brings together all other Factors of Production (Land, labour, and physical capital) to carry out the economic production. 1.2 FARMING IN PALAMPUR 1. LAND IS FIXED Basic constraint in increasing farm production in Palampur: - Land area under cultivation is practically fixed. Since 1960 in Palampur, there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. By then, some of the wastelands in the village had been converted to cultivable land. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 3  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR - There exists no further scope to increase farm production by bringing new land under cultivation. This is also true of Agriculture land in India, which has remained more or less fixed. 2. HOW MORE CAN BE GROWN FROM THE SAME LAND? NOTE: Since the area of land is fixed, any increase in production of foodgrains would have to come primarily from increase in the yield (productivity). Production = Area x Yield (productivity) Yield is measured as crop produced on a given piece of Not all villages in India have such high levels land during a single season. of irrigation. Apart from the riverine plains, coastal regions in our country are well- irrigated. (A) Increasing production from same land via Multiple Cropping & Irrigation In contrast, plateau regions such as the All land is cultivated in Palampur. No land is left idle. Deccan plateau have low levels of irrigation. During the rainy season (kharif) farmers grow jowar and Of the total cultivated area in India, about bajra. It is followed by cultivation of potato between 55% is irrigated at present. In the remaining October and December. In the winter season (rabi), fields areas, farming is largely dependent on are sown with wheat. rainfall (ie. Rainfed farming). The main reason why farmers are able to grow three different crops in a year in Palampur is due to the well-developed system of irrigation. To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. NOTE: There is a direct relation between irrigation and productivity (ie. better irrigation facilities, better productivity). How much, at what time and how crops are watered has determining effect on the eventual yield. (B) Increasing production from same land via Modern Methods Green revolution in Late 1960’s introduced High Yield Variety (HYV) seeds for cultivation of wheat and rice. Using HYVs instead of traditional seeds, resulted in larger produce on the same piece of land. HYV seeds, however, needed plenty of water and chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results. Thus, Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc. But, these modern methods required farmers to start with more cash/capital than before. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 4  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION IN INDIA Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out the modern farming method in India. The farmers in these regions set up tubewells for irrigation, and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides in farming. Some of them bought farm machinery, like tractors and threshers, which made ploughing and harvesting faster. They were rewarded with high yields of wheat. 3. SUSTAINABILITY OF LAND Land being a natural resource, so it is necessary to be careful in its use. Scientific reports indicate that the modern farming methods have overused the natural resource base. In many areas, Green Revolution is associated with loss of soil fertility due to increased use of chemical fertilizers. Continuous use of groundwater for tube well irrigation has led to the depletion of the water-table. Environmental resources, like soil fertility and groundwater, are built up over years. Once destroyed it is very difficult to restore them. Thus, we must take care of the environment to ensure future development of agriculture ➔ Need for Sustainable Agriculture. How Overuse of Fertiliser Pollute Groundwater Chemical fertilisers provide minerals which dissolve in water and are immediately available to plants. But these may not be retained in the soil for long. They may escape from the soil and pollute groundwater, rivers and lakes. Chemical fertilizers can also kill bacteria and other microorganisms in the soil. This means some time after their use, the soil will be less fertile than ever before. The Case of Punjab The consumption of chemical fertilizers in Punjab is highest in the country. The continuous use of chemical fertilizers has led to degradation of soil health. Punjab farmers are now forced to use more and more chemical fertilizers and other inputs to achieve the same production level. This means cost of cultivation is rising very fast. 4. LAND DISTRIBUTION Not all people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation. In Palampur, about one third of the 450 families are landless, i.e., 150 families, have no land for cultivation. About 240 families of small and marginal farmers cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size. There are 60 families of medium and large farmers who cultivate more than 2 hectares of land. A few of the large farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or more. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 5  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR Distribution of cultivated land is unequal in Palampur, because few population control large area and large section of population have few land to cultivated. Land Distribution in India This unequal land distribution is also true for Agriculture sector in India. Small & marginal farmers (holding 10 hectares) – who formed 15% of the total farmers, held 55% of the cultivated land. 5. LABOUR Landless Labourer: A person who does Small farmers along with their families cultivate their own not hold any land for agricultural fields. Thus, they provide the labour required for farming purposes, whether as owner, or a themselves. tenant and earns his/her livelihood Medium and large farmers hire farm labourers to work on principally by manual labour on their fields. someone else’s land. Farm labourers come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land. Tenant Farmer: Those who cultivate Unlike farmers, farm labourers do not have a right over the land of others against rent payment are crops grown on the land. Instead, they are paid wages by the called tenant farmers. farmer for whom they work. Wages can be in cash or kind (eg. crops). Sharecropper: a farmer who rents land Challenges of Agri Labourers: Large number of labourers ➔ and who gives part of his or her crop as heavy competition for work ➔ labourers agree to work for rent to the land owner. lower wages ➔ poverty. 6. CAPITAL Modern farming methods require a great deal of capital, so that the farmer now needs more money than before. Most of the small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. - The rates of interest on such loans are very high and farmers are put under great distress to repay the loan. In contrast to small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the capital needed. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 6  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR 7. SALE OF SURPLUS FARM PRODUCTS The farmers retain a part of the foodgrain for the family’s consumption and sell the surplus foodgrain. Small farmers have little surplus wheat because their total production is small and from this a substantial share is kept for their own family needs. Medium and large farmers sell their surplus directly to the market. A part of the earnings is saved and kept for buying capital for the next season. 1.3 NON-FARMING ACTIVITIES IN PALAMPUR Only 25 per cent of the people working in Palampur are engaged in activities other than agriculture. Dairy: Dairy is a common activity in many families. People feed their buffalos on various kinds of grass and the jowar and bajra that grows during the rainy season, and sell the milk obtained in the market. Small-scale manufacturing: Unlike the manufacturing that takes place in the big factories in the towns and cities, manufacturing in Palampur involves very simple production methods and are done on a small scale. They are carried out mostly at home or in the fields with the help of family labour. Rarely are labourers hired. The shopkeepers: The traders of Palampur are shopkeepers who buy various goods from wholesale markets in the cities and sell them in the village. There are very small general stores in the village selling a wide range of items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles, notebooks, pen, pencil, even some cloth. Transport: There are variety of vehicles on the road connecting Palampur to Raiganj. Rickshawallahs, tongawallahs, jeep, tractor, truck drivers and people driving the traditional bullock cart and bogey are people in the transport services. They ferry people and goods from one place to another, and in return get paid for it. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 7  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR 1.4 THE FUTURE In the future, one would like to see more non-farm production activities in the village as, unlike farming, non-farm activities require little land. Ways to expand non-farm activities: Villages connectivity to towns and cities through good roads, transport and telephone, availability of low cost loans, etc ========================================================================================== Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 8  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR * We took all care in preparing this document. If you still find any discrepancy in the information provided, please inform 2 us at [email protected] DEVELOPMENT (Class 10: Chapter 1) 2.1 WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? 2.2 MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 9  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR 2.3 GRASPING KEY TERMS 1. NATIONAL INCOME: - National income is the sum total of the value of all the goods and services manufactured by the citizens of the country, in a year. - National income takes into account ‘WHO’ produces goods and services ie. it focuses only on citizens of a country, whether within the Territorial boundary or abroad. 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) - Gross Domestic product is the total market value of all the goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country, during a given period, normally a year. - GDP is concerned with ‘WHERE’ the income is generated ie, it focuses only on income generated domestically, even by the foreigners. GDP ignores incomes received from abroad. - GDP growth rate is an important indicator of the economic performance of a country. 3. PER CAPITA INCOME: - The per capita income of a country is an average income earned per person in that country. - It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. - The per capita income fails to take into consideration the distribution of income. Given the same level of per capita income, a country with more equal distribution of income is considered to be better off in comparison to country with less equal income distribution. 4. DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING STATUS - While there are no specific definitions for developed or developing countries, the World Bank assigns the world’s economies to four income groups—low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. In USD - In World Development Report (WDR), brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. - The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries. 5. INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR): It is the number of children who die before attaining the age of one year, for every 1000 live births, in a particular year. 6. LITERACY RATE: - Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. - As per the Census of India, a person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is treated as literate in India. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 10  NEEV NCERT FOUNDATION PROGRAMME 2024/25 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV SIR 7. NET ATTENDANCE RATIO - At primary level: It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 years attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group. - At secondary level: It is the total number of children of age group 14 -15 years attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group. 8. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: - The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index developed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that measures 3 key dimensions of human development: ✓ A long and healthy life ✓ Access to education ✓ A decent standard of living – measured by per capita income. - The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. 9. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: - Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. - It aims to balance economic (Profit), social (People) and environmental (Planet) aspects for a better future. 10. RENEWABLE RESOURCES: Renewable resources are those resources which are generally replenished by nature. For eg. Plants, crops, Sunlight, etc. 11. NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES: Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after a few years of use. For eg. Coal, Crude oil etc. ========================================================================================== Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi – 9560082909, Bengaluru – 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore– 9650708779, Chandigarh – 8800019591 theIAShub © 2022 | All Rights Reserved 11