Introduction to Psychology PDF

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Chapter Outline Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology 1.1 What is Psychology? 1.2 History of Psychology 1.3 Contemporary Fields of Psychology What is Psychology? WHY DO PEOPLE FEEL, BEHAVE, WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? HOW DOES THE HUMAN BRAIN OR THINK...

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Chapter Outline Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology 1.1 What is Psychology? 1.2 History of Psychology 1.3 Contemporary Fields of Psychology What is Psychology? WHY DO PEOPLE FEEL, BEHAVE, WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? HOW DOES THE HUMAN BRAIN OR THINK THE WAY THEY DO? WORK?  “PSYCH” = Soul, Mind “OLOGY” = Scientific study of Psychology = Scientific study of the mind What is and behavior Psychology? Psychologists study everything about the human experience Human brain, consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality, and mental health  Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior Scientific – Can be understood, studied, quantified; “empirical” What is Behavior – any outward action that is directly Psychology? observable Mental processes – perceptions, thoughts, feelings (stuff going on in your head) Considered latent constructs Cannot be observed or measured directly  Psychology is a science Observe behaviors (overt, observable) Measure thoughts (latent constructs) What is Scientists test that which is perceivable Psychology? and measurable Develop a hypothesis Test the hypothesis: Collect data Decide if hypothesis is correct Chapter Outline Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology 1.1 What is Psychology? 1.2 History of Psychology 1.3 Contemporary Fields of Psychology  Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalytic Theory Gestalt Psychology HISTORY OF Behaviorism PSYCHOLOGY Humanism The Cognitive Revolution Women in Psychology Multicultural Psychology Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt “Father of Psychology,” first psychologist 1873 – Published 1st book on psychology, Principles of Physiological Psychology 1879 – Founded the 1st experimental psychology laboratory Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience Consciousness consists of thoughts, experiences, and emotions Used introspection to study consciousness Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt Introspection = a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible Describe exactly what you are experiencing Goal is to make the human mind like any other aspect of nature a scientist observes. Structuralism Edward Titchener Wundt’s student Expanded upon Wundt’s views and developed structuralism Structuralism = understanding the conscious experience through introspection Focuses on contents of mental processes rather than their function Study the basic elements of the mind (structures) However, the process of introspection remained highly subjective (i.e., very little agreement between individuals)  Functionalism William James 1st American psychologist Harvard professor of anatomy and physiology Advanced scientific rigor of psychology Changed the scientific study of consciousness in a practical and meaningful way Interested in the function of consciousness  Functionalism \William James Consciousness is too dynamic to study using introspection, we should know how consciousness actually helps us What is the function of consciousness? Influenced by Charles Darwin and “survival of the fittest” Functionalism = focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment Study the function of consciousness – how the mind allows people to work, play, adapt to new circumstances Functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism  Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis Freud theorized that many of his patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind, which he thought was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness Unconscious = Part of our mind outside of our awareness where we push down our dark urges and desires Psychoanalytic theory = focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud  Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis: therapy based on Freud’s ideas Focus on early childhood development Cured when unconscious desires/conflicts are understood Gaining access to the unconscious was crucial to the successful resolution of the patient’s problems Dream analysis First words that come to mind Slips of the tongue Gestalt Psychology Gestalt: “Whole” Sensory experiences can be broken down into individual parts; how those parts relate to each other is often what the people responds to in perception. A song is more than a series of musical notes. Cake is more than a mixture of all of its ingredients. Kohler, Koffka, and Wertheimer were Influence research on sensation and German psychologists who immigrated perception, as well as humanistic to the U.S. to escape Nazi Germany. psychology, even today!  Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov Discovered concept of classical conditioning His work was the foundation for the move away from the study of consciousness to behaviors Behaviorism = focus on observing and controlling behavior; science of behavior  Behaviorism Behaviorism: Ivan Pavlov Reflex can be learned… If I hit a bell right before giving a dog food, the dog will associate the bell with food  salivates anytime I hit a bell, even when I don’t have food Conditioning = learning a reflexive response to a stimulus  Behaviorism John Watson “Father of Behaviorism” Behaviorism = focus on observing and controlling behavior; science of behavior Believed objective analysis of mind was impossible; only study that which is observable Watson’s Little Albert Study Freud: phobias are the result of unconscious conflicts Watson: created a phobia using the conditioning technique discovered by Pavlov Classical conditioning Demonstrated that phobias are learned (not unconscious)  Little Albert See Video 1.1.2 on Moodle  Behaviorism B.F. Skinner Skinner concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences Reinforcement Punishment How to manipulate voluntary behavior by changing the consequences of behavior Operant conditioning  Behaviorism B.F. Skinner Lasting influence on psychology and behavior modification Behaviorism continues to be a leading psychological perspective Clinical Industrial-organizational Etc.  Humanism Humanism Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans Carl Rogers Emphasis on empowerment of the individual to become the best they can be (to self-actualize) Humanists held the view that people have free will: the freedom to choose/shape their own destiny Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow  Humanism Carl Rogers Carl Rogers developed a client-centered therapy method which involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session Rogers believed therapists need: Unconditional positive regard Genuineness Empathy  Humanism Abraham Maslow Proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior Asserted that as long as basic needs necessary for survival were met, higher-level needs would begin to motivate behavior  Behaviorism had pulled psychologists’ attention away from the mind The Cognitive Revolution Emerging perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science revived an interest in the human mind The Cognitive Revolution Noam Chomsky was influential in cognitive revolution  refocus of psychology on the mind He believed psychology needed to focus on mental functioning in order to fully understand human behavior  Psychology was developed with W.E.I.R.D white, dudes biases White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/05/weird Moving Psychology Beyond WIERD Re-evaluating and discovering the contributions of women to the history of psychology Studying psychological gender differences Questioning the biases present across the scientific approach to knowledge Feminist Psychology Margaret Floy Washburn: First Women to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology Feminist Psychology Martha Bernal: First Latina to earn a doctoral degree Dedicated to promoting the representation of marginalized groups in Psychology Feminist Psychology Dr. Rheeda Walker Groundbreaking work on suicide science and African American adult mental health Multicultural & Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture has important impacts on individuals Yet the effects of culture have been understudied in psychology Current understandings of psychological theories and data may not be accurate or may not be generalizable to individuals and social groups from other cultures Multicultural & Cross-Cultural Psychology Multicultural psychologists develop theories and conduct research with diverse populations, typically within one country Cross-cultural psychologists compare populations across countries, such as participants from the United States compared to participants from Japan Multicultural & Cross-Cultural Psychology Mamie Phipps Clark & Kenneth Clark Psychologists known for their research on doll preference which exposed internalized racism and harmful effects of segregation Instrumental in the historic Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case  Where MOODLE: See Video Psychology Got “Historical Figures and Its Start Perspectives” Chapter Outline Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology 1.1 What is Psychology? 1.2 History of Psychology 1.3 Contemporary Fields of Psychology  Biopsychology Evolutionary Psychology Sensation and Perception Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology CONTEMPORARY Personality Psychology PSYCHOLOGY Social Psychology Health Psychology Clinical Psychology Industrial-Organizational Psychology Sports and Exercise Psychology Forensic Psychology  Biopsychology Study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior Mental processes can be explained by the interaction with biological factors like genes or hormones Heritability or twin studies Behavioral genetics: The relationship between certain genes and mental processes and behaviors  Stemmed from Functionalism Evolutionary Argues that human behavior is a result of psychological Psychology adaptations that help people successfully function and survive Sensation & Perception This area of study focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the psychological experience of sensory information. Sensation – Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell). Perception – Experience of the world which is influenced by where we focus our attention, our previous experiences, and our cultural backgrounds. Cognitive Psychology How cognitions (thoughts) relate to our experiences and behavior How people think, remember, and store information Language, problem-solving, attention, intelligence, decision making Developmental Psychology The physical and mental attributes of aging & maturation. This can include various skills that are acquired throughout growth: Moral Reasoning Cognitive Skills Social Skills Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.  Personality Psychology Focuses on how patterns of thoughts and behaviors (i.e., traits) make each individual unique Traits determine how a person will behave in a given situation The Five-Factor Model of Personality AKA: “OCEAN” Social Psychology Social psychology focuses on how we interact with and relate to others Social psychologists conduct research on a wide variety of topics… Prejudice Attraction How resolve interpersonal conflicts How other people can change our thoughts and behavior Clinical Psychology Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior Behaviorism, cognitive, and humanistic psychology have shaped clinical practice Example: Cognitive-behavioral therapy takes cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy Health Psychology Focuses on how individual health is directly related to biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences. Research genetic makeup, patterns of behavior, relationships, psychological stress, and health. Look for effective ways to motivate people to address patterns of behavior that contribute to poorer health Industrial – Organizational Psychology Psychological theories, principles and research applied to workplace settings Industrial: job analysis, recruitment, selection, performance management, training, employment law Organizational: job attitudes, motivation, leadership, occupational stress & health, teams, organizational culture & change Other Areas SPORTS & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY Focus on psychological aspects related to sports and physical performance Investigates motivation, performance related anxiety, and general mental well-being FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Branch of psychology dealing with justice system Tasks include assessment of individuals' mental competency to stand in trial, sentencing and treatment suggestions, and advisement regarding eyewitness testimonies This field of psychology requires a strong understanding of the legal system 56 Divisions of the APA 56 Divisions of the APA Next Week Chapter 2: Psychological Research Due Monday by 11:59PM Ch 1 Quiz Ch 1 Forum