23 Questions
What is the primary focus of basic research/mechanistic toxicologists?
Understanding how chemicals initiate biochemical changes leading to toxicity
In toxicology, what is the purpose of identifying important metabolites of a chemical?
To analyze how the body breaks down and eliminates the chemical
What is the goal of mechanistic studies in toxicology?
To understand specific biological reactions leading to toxicity
At what levels can mechanistic studies in toxicology be performed?
Molecular, biochemical, cellular, or tissue levels
What is the role of mechanistic toxicologists in understanding toxicity?
Identifying critical biological processes that lead to toxicity
What type of interaction is observed between chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents on the central nervous system when they are present together?
Antagonistic
Which combination of chemicals can produce liver toxicity with an additive interaction?
Chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents
What effect does simultaneous exposure to chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents have on the central nervous system?
None of the above
Which term describes the time scale for chronic effects of exposure to toxic substances?
Subacute
What are the short-term consequences of exposure to toxic substances called?
Acute effects
What type of interaction is observed between chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents on the liver when they are used together?
Additive
Which enzyme is inhibited by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine at neuromuscular transmission sites?
Acetylcholine esterase
What specific lung damage can occur due to paraquat poisoning?
Pulmonary fibrosis
Which toxic gas can cause damage to the cardiovascular system by inducing arrhythmias?
Hydrogen cyanide
What specific effect can exposure to organophosphate insecticides have on synaptic transmission?
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
Which of the following is NOT a sensitizer that can provoke an immune response resulting in asthma and allergic dermatitis?
Vinyl chloride
'Vinyl chloride causes hepatic hemangiosarcoma' indicates that vinyl chloride is a:
Genotoxic carcinogen
What is the mechanism through which carbon monoxide affects the body?
It reacts with hemoglobin to form COHb, which cannot carry oxygen
How does hydrogen sulfide's odor change with concentration?
It remains odorless regardless of concentration
What is the common effect of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide on the human body?
Interfering with oxygen transport
How do 'heavy' metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury affect the human body?
By poisoning cytochromes and specific organs
What is the primary reason why hydrogen cyanide is used in industries?
To form odorless compounds for industrial purposes
How do hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide differ in terms of their initial detection?
Hydrogen sulfide is odorless while carbon monoxide has a faint smell
Learn about how different chemicals are absorbed into the body at varying rates and extents. Explore examples such as ethanol and organic mercury to understand absorption mechanisms in toxicology.
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