Introduction to Toxicology Subdisciplines

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Match the toxicology subdiscipline with its description:

Descriptive toxicology = Involves toxicity testing of chemicals Mechanistic toxicology = Examines the biochemical processes by which toxicants impact organisms Regulatory toxicology = Concerned with assessing data to determine legal uses and risks of chemicals

Match the following definitions with the correct term:

Hazardous waste = Waste that may pose danger of morbidity and mortality to organisms Toxicology = Branch of science dealing with the study of poisons or toxicants

Match the source of waste with the approximate annual waste generation in the United States:

Mining = Over 4 billion tons Agriculture = Over 4 billion tons Industry = Over 4 billion tons City sewage = Over 4 billion tons

Match the following types of toxicity with their descriptions:

Acute toxicity = Sudden onset of symptoms lasting less than 24 hours Chronic toxicity = Symptoms of long, continuous duration due to irreversible cellular changes Local toxicity = Symptoms restricted to the site of initial exposure Systemic toxicity = Adverse effects occurring at sites far from the initial exposure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following toxicokinetics processes with their descriptions:

Absorption = How toxicants enter the organism Distribution = How toxicants travel within the organism Storage = Tissues that preferentially harbor toxicants Biotransformation = Chemical changes altering or detoxifying toxicants in the organism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mechanisms of toxic action with their descriptions:

Plasma Membrane Alterations = Changes in the cell's outer layer Organelle Effects = Effects on cell structures like mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum Enzyme System Interference = Effects on biochemical catalysts in the cell Biosynthetic Pathway Disruption = Interference with cellular production processes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following test organisms with their common uses in toxicity testing:

Algae = Used as test organisms in toxicity studies Rats = Commonly selected test organisms for toxicity testing Rabbits = Test organisms often used in toxicity experiments Nonhuman Primates = Selected for testing in toxicity studies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responses to be observed with their descriptions in toxicity testing:

Changes in Sleep Patterns = Observable response used in certain toxicity tests Tumor Development = End effect commonly monitored in toxicity studies Biochemical Products Presence = Detection of specific substances produced by cells under test conditions Cell Morphology Alterations = Changes in the physical structure of cells during toxicity experiments Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

NOEL = No Observable Effects Level SNARL = Suggested No Adverse Response Level LOEL = Lowest Observable Effect Level TLV = Threshold Limit Value Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Linear dose sequence = Selected doses are in a linear progression Logarithmic dose sequence = Selected doses are in a logarithmic progression Cumulative dose-response graph = Represents the cumulative sum of responses from lower to higher doses Frequency dose-response graph = Plots the percentage of organisms responding to a given dose Signup and view all the answers

Match the toxic response type with its description:

Acute toxicity = Sudden onset of symptoms lasting less than 24 hours Chronic toxicity = Symptoms of long, continuous duration due to irreversible cellular changes Local toxicity = Symptoms restricted to the site of initial exposure to the toxicant Systemic toxicity = Adverse effects occurring at sites far removed from the initial exposure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their representation on a dose-response graph:

Threshold dose = Left-side beginning of the sigmoidal line Supersensitive test organisms = Graphically represented on the sides of the bell Hypersusceptible test organisms = Graphically represented at the beginning of the sigmoidal line Resistant test organisms = Graphically represented at the end of the sigmoidal line Signup and view all the answers

Match the timing of toxicity appearance with its description:

Immediate toxicity = Symptoms occurring rapidly within seconds or minutes following exposure Delayed toxicity = Toxicity taking years to produce symptoms Acute toxicity = Symptoms appearing shortly after exposure, lasting less than 24 hours Chronic toxicity = Symptoms developing over a long period due to irreversible cellular changes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their explanations:

Dose-Response Relationship = Mathematical relationship describing the proportion of test organisms responding to a specific dose Standard Deviation (SD) = Statistic that measures the distance of responses from the mean NOAEL = No Observable Adverse Effect Level Response axis in a dose-response graph = May be presented as frequency response or cumulative-response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their correct information:

±1 SD accounts for 67% of test organism responses = Information conveyed by Standard Deviation (SD) value Linear dose sequence advantage over logarithmic doses = Ability to maximize the range of tested doses but may overlook small critical doses Features of sigmoidal line on cumulative dose-response graph = Threshold dose, straightening out as doses increase, representation of subthreshold doses Signup and view all the answers

Match the margin of safety ratio with its interpretation:

LD01/ED99 ratio = Useful in determining acceptable environmental exposure TD50/ED50 ratio = Reflects greater margin of safety with a larger ratio Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept with its description:

Hormesis = Beneficial or stimulatory effects at low doses turning adverse at higher doses Dose–response curves = May exhibit nontraditional shapes for some nonnutritional toxic substances Margin of safety = Increases with larger ratios like LD01/ED99 or TD50/ED50 Toxicity classification = Based on duration, location, and timing between exposure and symptom appearance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

LD50 = Dose resulting in the death of 50% of test organisms ED01 = Dose at which 1% of test organisms exhibit the effective response TD10 = Dose at which toxicity is present in 10% of test organisms NOEL = Noneffective or minimally effective dose Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

Potency = Comparing two toxicants based on the smaller ED50, TD50, or LD50 Efficacy = Higher efficacy exhibited when doseresponse relationship continues over a greater range of doses Margin of safety = Expresses the magnitude of the range of doses between a noneffective or minimally effective dose and a lethal dose Ceiling effect = Region in the graph where an increase in dose produces little or no increase in response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct responses in toxicity studies:

Therapeutic dose = Considered an effective dose and signified by ED Lethal dose (LD) = Results in the death of the test organism Toxic dose (TD) = Represents the dose at which toxicity is present in test organisms Effective dose (ED) = Evident when the desirable response is observed at the dose tested Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct cumulative percentage of test organisms exhibiting a response:

ED50 = 50% exhibiting the effective response TD90 = 90% exhibiting toxicity LD01 = 1% resulting in death NOEL = Noneffective or minimally effective dose Signup and view all the answers

Match the following relationships with their correct descriptions on cumulative dose-response graphs:

Mixed toxicity relationship = Occurs when two toxicants have intersecting dose-response curves Reversed toxicity relationship = Dose-response curves cross indicating inconsistent potency over tested doses Linear dose-response relationship = Response increases linearly with increasing dose Ceiling effect region = Higher doses where little or no increase in response is observed Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct characteristics:

Observing LD10 for toxicant A and LD50 for toxicant B = LD10 for A occurs at a higher dose, but LD50 for A is lower than B Magnitude of range between NOEL and LD in Margin of safety = Expresses how far apart noneffective or minimally effective dose is from a lethal dose Intersection of sigmoidal lines on cumulative graphs from different studies = 'Mixed' or 'reversed' toxicity relationships revealed by curve intersections High efficacy toxicants on dose-response graphs = Continue to produce responses over a wide range of doses Signup and view all the answers