Social Psychology and Cultural Differences Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the goal of social psychology?

To find objective answers to important questions related to aggression, prejudice, attraction, and political advertising effectiveness.

What does the correlational method in social psychology assess?

The relationship between two or more variables.

What is a key consideration when a correlation is found in research?

Correlation does not imply causation.

What is the primary goal of the experimental method in social psychology?

To answer causal questions by randomly assigning participants to different conditions and manipulating independent variables. Signup and view all the answers

What do ethical issues in social psychology research include?

The need to avoid causing unnecessary stress, obtaining informed consent, handling deception, and conducting debriefing. Signup and view all the answers

What does social cognition involve?

How individuals think about themselves and the social world, including controlled and automatic thinking and the use of schemas and stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What role do accessibility and priming play in social cognition?

They affect the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and influence their judgments. Signup and view all the answers

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1958) experiment, what was the effect of paying students $20 for saying that the tasks had been enjoyable?

They experienced reduced dissonance between their positive view of self and their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when students were paid only $1 for saying the boring task was fun in Festinger and Carlsmith's (1958) experiment?

They experienced reduced dissonance via internal justification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Fixed Mindset?

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Comparison Theory propose?

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people. Signup and view all the answers

What is Upward Social Comparison in the context of Social Comparison Theory?

Comparing to people who are better on a particular trait or ability. Signup and view all the answers

What is Downward Social Comparison in the context of Social Comparison Theory?

Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or ability. Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of paying students $20 for saying that the tasks had been enjoyable in Festinger and Carlsmith's (1958) experiment?

They experienced reduced dissonance between their positive view of self and their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when students were paid only $1 for saying the boring task was fun in Festinger and Carlsmith's (1958) experiment?

They experienced reduced dissonance via internal justification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Growth Mindset?

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Fixed Mindset?

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change. Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment highlighted cultural differences in schemas, with Western cultures associated with analytic thinking and Eastern cultures with holistic thinking?

Masuda & Nisbett's 2006 Signup and view all the answers

What did the study conducted by Higgins, Rholes & Jones in 1977 involve?

Examining priming effects Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment demonstrated the self-fulfilling prophecy, showing how people's expectations of others can influence their behavior?

Rosenthal & Jacobson in 1968 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for forming impressions and inferences about others, aiding in understanding and predicting the social world?

Social perception Signup and view all the answers

What are cues of nonverbal communication?

Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body language, touch, and gaze Signup and view all the answers

How many major emotional expressions are universally recognized?

Six Signup and view all the answers

What does attribution theory address?

How people infer the causes of others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social psychology?

Studying the influence of people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors by the presence of others Signup and view all the answers

Which method do social psychologists primarily use to develop explanations?

Conducting experiments and carefully manipulating variables Signup and view all the answers

What did Dorothy Martin and her followers believe would happen on December 21, 1954?

True believers would be evacuated from Earth via flying saucer Signup and view all the answers

What was the main warning given by Dorothy Martin, as mentioned in the text?

The Earth would end on December 21, 1954 Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology from other fields of psychology?

Focus on the influence of social factors on behavior Signup and view all the answers

In social psychology, what is the primary method used to develop explanations?

Conducting experiments and manipulating variables Signup and view all the answers

What did Dorothy Martin claim to receive that led to her warning about the end of the Earth?

Telepathic messages from the alien planet Clarion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the goals of psychology?

Describing what happens, explaining what will happen, predicting what will happen, controlling what will happen Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology from other branches of psychology?

It focuses on how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychologists in terms of developing explanations?

They develop explanations through experiments and carefully manipulate the variables being studied Signup and view all the answers

What was the warning given by Dorothy Martin in the 'When Prophecy Fails' study?

The Earth would end on December 21, 1954 Signup and view all the answers

What did Dorothy Martin claim to receive in the 'When Prophecy Fails' study?

Telepathic messages from the alien planet Clarion Signup and view all the answers

What did Dorothy Martin promise to her followers in the 'When Prophecy Fails' study?

Evacuation from Earth via flying saucer before the end Signup and view all the answers

What did the followers of Dorothy Martin do in response to her warning in the 'When Prophecy Fails' study?

Gave up their possessions, jobs, and family ties to follow Martin Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology from other fields of psychology?

Focuses on the influence of real or imagined presence of other people on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What was the main warning given by Dorothy Martin, as mentioned in the text?

The Earth would end on December 21, 1954 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the experimental method in social psychology?

Establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Comparison Theory propose?

People evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Growth Mindset?

Belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of accessibility and priming in social cognition?

Influence the activation and retrieval of information from memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Fixed Mindset?

Belief that abilities and intelligence are static and cannot be changed Signup and view all the answers

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1958) experiment, what was the effect of paying students $20 for saying that the tasks had been enjoyable?

Dissonance between positive view of self and behavior was reduced Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Fixed Mindset?

Idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Comparison Theory propose?

Idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when students were paid only $1 for saying the boring task was fun in Festinger and Carlsmith's (1958) experiment?

Students rated the task as significantly more enjoyable Signup and view all the answers

What is Upward Social Comparison in the context of Social Comparison Theory?

Comparing to people who are better on a particular trait or ability Signup and view all the answers

What is Downward Social Comparison in the context of Social Comparison Theory?

Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social psychology?

Examining social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlational method in social psychology assess?

The relationship between two variables Signup and view all the answers

What role do accessibility and priming play in social cognition?

They influence how individuals perceive and interpret information Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Upward Social Comparison from Downward Social Comparison in the context of Social Comparison Theory?

The type of traits or abilities being compared Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of social psychology?

To find objective answers to important questions related to aggression, prejudice, attraction, and political advertising effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of accessibility and priming in social cognition?

They affect the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and influence their judgments Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlational method in social psychology assess?

The relationship between two or more variables, often through surveys and the computation of correlation coefficients Signup and view all the answers

What are the ethical issues in social psychology research?

The need to avoid causing unnecessary stress, obtaining informed consent, handling deception, and conducting debriefing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social psychology?

To explain behavior in terms of the power of the social situation to shape actions and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method in social psychology?

Involves developing theories, deriving hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and revising theories based on results Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology from other fields of psychology?

It focuses on understanding how social, economic, political, and historical factors influence events in a society Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social psychology?

Understanding how social, economic, political, and historical factors influence events in a society Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the experimental method in social psychology?

To establish causation between variables Signup and view all the answers

What are the key ethical issues in social psychology research?

Obtaining informed consent and handling deception Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method in social psychology?

Developing theories and deriving hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of accessibility and priming in social cognition?

They affect the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and influence their judgments Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social psychology from other branches of psychology?

Focus on social, economic, and political factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlational method in social psychology primarily assess?

The relationship between two or more variables Signup and view all the answers

In Rosenthal & Jacobson's 1968 study, the self-fulfilling prophecy demonstrated that people's expectations of others can influence their behavior and cause them to act consistently with those expectations. This phenomenon is also known as:

Pygmalion effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the cues included in nonverbal communication?

Written language Signup and view all the answers

Attribution theory addresses how people infer the causes of others' behavior, distinguishing between:

Internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions Signup and view all the answers

Cultural differences in nonverbal communication are evident in display rules, negative facial expressions, gaze, and:

Proxemics Signup and view all the answers

Masuda & Nisbett's 2006 experiment highlighted cultural differences in schemas, with Western cultures associated with analytic thinking and Eastern cultures with:

Intuitive thinking Signup and view all the answers

Decoding facial expressions can be complicated due to affect blends, masking of emotions, and:

Microexpressions Signup and view all the answers

The six major emotional expressions that are universally recognized include happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and:

Disgust Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment demonstrated the self-fulfilling prophecy, showing how people's expectations of others can influence their behavior?

Higgins, Rholes & Jones' study in 1977 Signup and view all the answers

What did Masuda & Nisbett's 2006 experiment highlight?

Cultural differences in nonverbal communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for forming impressions and inferences about others, aiding in understanding and predicting the social world?

Social cognition Signup and view all the answers

What does attribution theory address?

The causes of others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

In which experiment were students paid only $1 for saying the boring task was fun?

Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment in 1959 Signup and view all the answers

What are cues of nonverbal communication?

Facial expressions and tone of voice Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cultural differences in defining the self?

Independent and interdependent views of the self Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Psychology Concepts and Cultural Differences

The study conducted by Higgins, Rholes & Jones in 1977 involved memorizing positive and negative words to examine priming effects.
The self-fulfilling prophecy, as demonstrated by Rosenthal & Jacobson in 1968, shows how people's expectations of others can influence their behavior and cause them to act consistently with those expectations.
Masuda & Nisbett's 2006 experiment highlighted cultural differences in schemas, with Western cultures associated with analytic thinking and Eastern cultures with holistic thinking.
Social perception involves forming impressions and inferences about others, aiding in understanding and predicting the social world.
Nonverbal communication includes cues such as facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body language, touch, and gaze, serving various functions in communication.
Six major emotional expressions are universally recognized, while other emotions show less universality across cultures and are closely tied to social interaction.
Decoding facial expressions can be complicated due to affect blends, masking of emotions, and cultural influences.
Cultural differences in nonverbal communication are evident in display rules, negative facial expressions, gaze, and personal space preferences.
Attribution theory addresses how people infer the causes of others' behavior, distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions.
Self-serving attributions credit internal factors for successes and blame external factors for failures, while defensive attributions help avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality.
Cultural differences in attributions show that individualistic cultures prefer dispositional attributions and self-serving attributions, while collectivistic cultures prefer situational explanations and are more prone to the "belief in a just world."
Cultural differences in defining the self include independent and interdependent views, with variations within cultures and differences in self-concept.

Social Psychology Concepts and Cultural Differences

The study conducted by Higgins, Rholes & Jones in 1977 involved memorizing positive and negative words to examine priming effects.
The self-fulfilling prophecy, as demonstrated by Rosenthal & Jacobson in 1968, shows how people's expectations of others can influence their behavior and cause them to act consistently with those expectations.
Masuda & Nisbett's 2006 experiment highlighted cultural differences in schemas, with Western cultures associated with analytic thinking and Eastern cultures with holistic thinking.
Social perception involves forming impressions and inferences about others, aiding in understanding and predicting the social world.
Nonverbal communication includes cues such as facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body language, touch, and gaze, serving various functions in communication.
Six major emotional expressions are universally recognized, while other emotions show less universality across cultures and are closely tied to social interaction.
Decoding facial expressions can be complicated due to affect blends, masking of emotions, and cultural influences.
Cultural differences in nonverbal communication are evident in display rules, negative facial expressions, gaze, and personal space preferences.
Attribution theory addresses how people infer the causes of others' behavior, distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions.
Self-serving attributions credit internal factors for successes and blame external factors for failures, while defensive attributions help avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality.
Cultural differences in attributions show that individualistic cultures prefer dispositional attributions and self-serving attributions, while collectivistic cultures prefer situational explanations and are more prone to the "belief in a just world."
Cultural differences in defining the self include independent and interdependent views, with variations within cultures and differences in self-concept.

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Description

Test your knowledge of social psychology concepts and cultural differences with this quiz. Explore topics such as priming effects, self-fulfilling prophecy, cultural differences in schemas, social perception, nonverbal communication, emotional expressions, decoding facial expressions, attribution theory, and cultural differences in defining the self. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how cultural influences shape social behaviors and cognition.