Social and Cross-Cultural Psychology Week 1-3
52 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main topic of Lecture 1 in the course?

Introduction to Social and Cross-Cultural Psychology

What is the main focus of Week 2's lecture?

  • Social Cognition and Attribution (correct)
  • Aggression and Prosocial Behavior
  • Self and Interpersonal Attraction
  • Culture

    • Week 3 covers the topic of Attitudes and Attitude Change, with readings from chapters ______ and ______.

    5, 6

    Match the following lecture topics with their respective readings:

    <p>Social Influence and Language = Chapters 7 + 15 People in Groups and Leadership = Chapters 8 + 9 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations = Chapters 10 + 11 Aggression and Prosocial Behavior = Chapters 12 + 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social psychology studies the relationship between individuals and their cultural backgrounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social cognition?

    <p>Social cognition refers to cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four forms/models of cognitive focus in social psychology mentioned in the text?

    <p>Motivated tactician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impression formation and person perception are unimportant aspects of social cognition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences impressions of other people according to the text?

    <p>Personality traits and specific pieces of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Configural model, which traits play a disproportionate role in configuring the final impression?

    <p>Central traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primacy refers to an effect where earlier presented information has a disproportionate influence on social cognition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are personal constructs in impression formation?

    <p>idiosyncratic and personal sets of bipolar dimensions used in forming impressions and characterizing people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans tend to assume that physically attractive people are ____________.

    <p>good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-schemas = Schema about oneself stored in a complex way Role schemas = Knowledge structures about role occupants Categories = Discrete groups based on shared characteristics Prototypes = Cognitive representation of defining features of a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of social psychology?

    <p>Social psychology is the scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the presence of others, whether actual, imagined, or implied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fields are considered close scientific neighbors of social psychology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social psychology primarily focuses on studying human behavior in isolation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experimentation involves the manipulation of one or more independent variables and the measuring of its effects on one or more ________ variables.

    <p>dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following famous social psychology experiments with their descriptions:

    <p>Muzafer Sherif (1935) = Experiment on norm formation Solomon Asch (1951) = Demonstrated the effect of group pressure regarding confirmation Stanley Milgram (1963) = Studied destructive obedience Henry Tajfel (1970) = Showed that group categorization can lead to intergroup discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the automatic, unconscious scanning of the environment?

    <p>pre-attentive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are reasons why people can be salient?

    <p>Novel or figural in the context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vivid stimuli are emotionally attention-grabbing, graphic, and image-provoking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accessibility directs attention based on _____ rather than the stimulus' properties.

    <p>accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following attribution theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Naive Psychologist Theory = Characterizes people as using rational, scientific-like cause-effect analyses Correspondent Inference Theory = Involves drawing on five sources of information to draw correspondent inferences Covariation Model = Uses consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to attribute behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflated tendency to see behavior as reflecting stable underlying personality traits?

    <p>Correspondence bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the fundamental attribution error, do people tend to attribute behavior more to internal or situational causes?

    <p>Internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for considering behavior to reflect underlying and immutable essences of people or the groups they belong to?

    <p>Essentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the actor-observer effect the tendency to attribute our behavior externally and others' behavior internally?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The false consensus effect involves seeing our behavior as more _______ than it is.

    <p>typical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of interpersonal distance?

    <p>Proxemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deindividuation can lead to decreased personal responsibility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the physical space around one's body, treated as part of themselves.

    <p>Personal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the attachment style with its characteristics:

    <p>Secure = - Trust in others</p> <ul> <li>Not worried about abandonment</li> <li>Easy to get close to others Avoidant = - Suppression of attachment needs</li> <li>Uncomfortable when close</li> <li>Getting close leads to nervousness Anxious = - Anxious that their desire for intimacy will not be reciprocated</li> <li>Wants to merge with the partner</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 factors that influence relationship formation?

    <p>proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 factors that influence relationship maintenance?

    <p>similarity, reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reinforcement-affect model based on?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equity theory defines a relationship as equitable when partners perceive the ratio of inputs to outcomes differently.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests that individuals develop preferences for people and things associated with positive feelings and experiences, and avoid negative ones? The reinforcement-____ model.

    <p>affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compliance in social influence?

    <p>Compliance is a superficial, public, and transitory change in behavior and expressed attitudes in response to requests, coercion, or group pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two processes involved in the dual-process dependency model of social influence?

    <p>Dependency on others for information about reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language can influence the way individuals perceive and think about the world. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In speech accommodation theory, people change their speech style to ______ that of the other person.

    <p>match</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of meanings people use to intentionally communicate with their descriptions:

    <p>Representatives = Make a statement - specify how something is signified Directives = Give directions or orders Commissives = Make commitments or promises Expressives = Convey emotional or psychological states Declarations = State something, thereby making it true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define implicit attitudes.

    <p>Attitudes that are unconsciously held and activated automatically in response to specific stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criterion measures consistency between attitudes and behavior?

    <p>Multiple-act criterion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of reasoned action, behavior is determined by intention, subjective norms, and attitudes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theory with its description:

    <p>Theory of Planned Behavior = Predicting behavior from attitudes is improved if one believes they have control over the behavior Protection Motivation Theory = Theory that helps understand how people respond to threats Elaboration-Likelihood Model = Central route for careful message processing, peripheral route when not attentive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______________ attitudes have a strong influence on behavior and increase the attitude-behavior association.

    <p>Accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model consists of automatic thinking and controlled thinking processes?

    <p>Dual-Process model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compliance refers to a deep and lasting change in behavior in response to external pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Unpleasant feeling that motivates the desire to reduce inconsistency among thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social influence defense provides additional arguments to support one's initial attitude?

    <p>Supporting defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Outline

    • The course consists of 9 lectures, covering various topics in social and cross-cultural psychology.
    • The lectures are divided into 6 weeks, with 1-2 lectures per week.

    Lecture Topics

    • Lecture 1: Introduction to Social and Cross-Cultural Psychology
    • Lecture 2: Social Cognition and Attribution
    • Lecture 3: Attitudes and Attitude Change
    • Lecture 4: Social Influence and Language
    • Lecture 5: Self and Interpersonal Attraction
    • Lecture 6: People in Groups and Leadership
    • Lecture 7: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
    • Lecture 8: Aggression and Prosocial Behavior
    • Lecture 9: Culture

    Week Objectives

    • Week 1: Define social psychology, its relation to neighboring disciplines, basic methodology, and theoretical underpinnings.
    • Week 1: Define culture and cross-cultural psychology.

    What is Social Psychology?

    • Social psychology is a field of study that explores human behavior and mental processes in social contexts.
    • It is related to neighboring disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
    • The field employs basic methodology and theoretical underpinnings to understand human behavior.### Social Psychology
    • The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.
    • Studies human behavior, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and goals.

    Research Methods

    • Uses the scientific method to study behavior.
    • Two types of scientific methods: experimental and non-experimental.
    • Experiments involve manipulating one or more independent variables and measuring their effects on one or more dependent variables.
    • Laboratory experiments are high in internal validity but low in external validity, while field experiments are high in external validity but low in internal validity.
    • Non-experimental methods include surveys, case studies, discourse analysis, and archival research.

    Research Ethics

    • Researchers must respect ethical guidelines, including protection from harm, right to privacy, deception, informed consent, and debriefing.
    • Physical and psychological harm must be avoided.
    • Collected data must be anonymous and confidential.
    • Informed consent must be obtained from participants.
    • Debriefing is necessary to explain the research question and speculations.

    Theories and Theorizing

    • A good theory should reveal the truth, describe specifics in terms of abstract principles, make an advance on existing theory, and be applicable to the real world.
    • Social psychology theories include social identity theory, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, social neuroscience, and evolutionary social psychology.
    • Theories are framed to generate hypotheses that can be tested empirically.

    Levels of Explanation

    • Levels of explanation include intrapersonal, interpersonal, positional, and ideological.
    • Reductionism involves explaining a phenomenon in terms of a lower level of analysis, which can lead to a loss of explanatory power.

    Historical Context

    • Social psychology has its roots in Europe but developed significantly in the United States after World War II.
    • Famous experiments include Triplett's experiment on social facilitation, Asch's experiment on group pressure, and Milgram's experiment on destructive obedience.
    • Famous programs include the Yale University attitude change program and the EASP (European Association of Social Psychology).

    Culture

    • Culture refers to patterns in social behavior, habits, traditions, social norms, and the organization of societies.
    • Cross-cultural psychology studies differences between cultures, while cultural psychology studies the influence of culture on social psychological processes.

    Social Cognition and Attribution

    • Social cognition involves forming impressions of people, including schemas, social categorization, heuristics, and social encoding.

    • Social encoding involves salience, vividness, accessibility, and priming.

    • Attribution theories include the study of biases and errors in attribution.### Social Psychology and Cognition

    • Thought and cognition are distinct concepts:

      • Thought refers to internal language and symbols we use, often conscious and aware of it.
      • Cognition is a broader mental processing that is mainly automatic, and we are unaware of it.

    Social Cognition

    • Social cognition refers to cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behavior.
    • It is the dominant approach to explaining social behavior.

    Short History of Cognition in Social Psychology

    • Wilhelm Wundt used self-observation and introspection to study subjective experiences (cognition).
    • Behaviorism shifted to studying observable behavior as a response to observable stimuli in the environment (until ~1960).
    • By the 1960s, psychologists started to take interest in cognition again due to the limitations of behaviorism.
    • The development of computers allowed for the simulation of complex human cognitive processes.

    Models of Social Cognition

    • Cognitive Consistency: suggests that people try to reduce inconsistency among their cognitions because they find it unpleasant.
    • Naive Scientist: characterizes people as using rational, scientific-like, cause-effect analyses to understand their world.
    • Attribution: the process of assigning a cause to our own and others' behavior.
    • Cognitive Miser: characterizes people as using the least complex and demanding cognitions that produce generally adaptive behaviors.
    • Motivated Tactician: characterizes people as having multiple cognitive strategies available, which they choose among based on personal goals, motives, and needs.

    Social Neuroscience

    • The exploration of brain activity associated with social cognition, psychological processes, and phenomena.
    • It is the most recent development in social cognition.

    Forming Impressions of Other People

    • People usually use personality traits when describing others, and then use their impression of them for decision-making.
    • Impression formation and person perception are important aspects of social cognition.
    • Impressions are influenced by some pieces of information more than others.

    Configural Model

    • Solomon Asch's Gestalt-based model of impression formation, in which central traits play a disproportionate role in configuring the final impression.

    Biases in Forming Impressions

    • Primacy and Recency: order of presentation effects that influence social cognition.
    • Positivity and Negativity: people tend to make positive impressions of others when lacking information, but negative information weighs more than positive information.

    Personal Constructs and Implicit Personality Theories

    • Personal Constructs: idiosyncratic (individual) and personal sets of bipolar dimensions used in forming impressions and characterizing people.
    • Implicit Personality Theories: specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information.

    Physical Appearance

    • Humans tend to assume that physically attractive people are good, and have an "interior, spiritual, moral beauty".
    • Physical attractiveness has a significant impact on affiliation, attraction, and love.

    Stereotypes

    • A shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members, usually based on ethnicity, nationality, sex, race, and class.

    Social Judgeability

    • The perception of whether it is socially acceptable to judge a specific target.

    Social Schemas and Categories

    • Schema: a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus, including its attributes and the relations among those attributes.
    • Types of Schemas: person schemas, role schemas, scripts, and self-schemas.

    Categorization and Stereotyping

    • Stereotypes are often based on, or they create, clearly visible differences between groups.
    • Research has shown that stereotypes are slow to change, and they change in response to wide social changes.

    How We Use, Acquire, and Change Schemas

    • Using Schemas: people use subtypes, social stereotypes, and role schemas to form initial impressions.
    • Acquiring Schemas: schemas are constructed and modified from encounters with category instances.
    • Changing Schemas: schemas are resistant to change, but can be changed through bookkeeping, conversion, or subtyping.

    Social Encoding

    • The way in which external social stimuli are represented in the mind.
    • Four stages of encoding: pre-attentive analysis, focal attention, comprehension, and elaborative reasoning.

    Salience and Vividness

    • Salience: a property of a stimulus that makes it stand out in relation to other stimuli and attract attention.
    • Vividness: a natural property of a stimulus that makes it stand out and attract attention.

    Accessibility

    • Attention is often directed by accessibility and not the stimulus' properties.
    • Priming: the activation of accessible categories or schemas in memory that influence how we process new information.

    Social Inference

    • Social inference addresses inferential processes we use to identify, sample, and combine information to form impressions and make judgments.
    • There are two distinct ways to process social information: top-down deductive and bottom-up inductive.
    • Heuristics: cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences most of the time.

    Heuristics

    • Representativeness Heuristic: instances are assigned to categories or types on the basis of overall similarity or resemblance to the category.
    • Availability Heuristic: the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind.
    • Anchoring and Adjustment: inferences are tied to initial standards or schemas.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Assess your knowledge of social and cross-cultural psychology covering topics such as introduction, social cognition, attitudes, and social influence.

    More Like This

    Cultural Differences in Interpersonal Signals
    40 questions

    Cultural Differences in Interpersonal Signals

    TopQualityErbium avatar
    TopQualityErbium
    Cultural Psychology Introduction
    13 questions

    Cultural Psychology Introduction

    PrizePyramidsOfGiza691 avatar
    PrizePyramidsOfGiza691
    Social and Cross-Cultural Psychology Session 1
    103 questions

    Social and Cross-Cultural Psychology Session 1

    FeasibleIvy avatar
    FeasibleIvy
    Cultural Adaptation
    2 questions

    Cultural Adaptation

    CourteousPythagoras avatar
    CourteousPythagoras
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser