Modes of Extinguishing Obligations in Civil Law

An obligation is a juridical necessity to take, to do, or not to do.

Agreements arising from contracts do not need to be made in the tourism, travel, and hospitality industry.

The active subject in an obligation is also known as the debtor.

The passive subject in an obligation is also known as the debtor.

An obligation of the passive subject can include paying damages in case of breach of contract.

If the debtor fails to do what is obligated to do, it will be done at the creditor's expense.

Quasi-delicts are one of the two sources of obligations according to the text.

Contracts involve a meeting of the minds between two persons.

Quasi-contracts are based on the principle of unjust enrichment.

Negotiurum gestio happens with the consent of the business owner.

Quasi-delicts involve damages caused without fault or negligence.

The Civil Code classifies obligations into primary and secondary categories.

If Juan fails to deliver after demand, he is not liable to pay the penalty.

Pedro can ask for the car and the penalty at the same time.

Death extinguishes obligations that are purely personal in character, like partnership and agency.

Fortuitous event, also known as force majeure or caso fortuito, makes an obligor even more liable for liabilities.

An obligor can be held liable for events that could have been foreseen or anticipated.

Fortuitous event may have multiple general causes, like only unpredictable events.

Preparatory contracts can subsist independently from other contracts.

Principal contracts can be fulfilled by themselves.

Real contracts require only the consent of the parties for their perfection.

Common form contracts require some particular form.

Contracts for rendition of service fall under the category of transfer of ownership according to their purpose.

Contracts for services fall under the category of things according to their subject matter.

A Contract of Adhesion is typically drafted by both parties involved.

Mutuality of contracts implies that the validity and performance can be left to the will of only one party.

Parties are restricted in stipulating terms and provisions in a contract.

Contracts are binding only on the parties involved and their successors-in-interest.

All contracts require a specific form prescribed by law for their validity.

The obligatory force of contracts means parties can choose not to perform without consequences.