Introduction to Immunology: The Immune System

To recognize and destroy foreign materials

Brain

White blood cells

<p>Immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spleen and tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destroy foreign materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymus and Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin acting as a physical barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To destroy pathogens with lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passage of plasma from the blood stream into damaged tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or a T cell receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins and polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recognize, attack, destroy, and remember each pathogen that enters the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White blood cells (WBCs) = Central to all immune responses Macrophages = Contribute to the immune response by engulfing and digesting pathogens Lymphocytes = Mediate immune responses and liberate cytokines Phagocytes = A type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow = Site for the development of blood cells, including immune cells Thymus = Site for T cell maturation and differentiation Spleen = Filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and activates immune responses Lymph nodes = Filter lymph, trap pathogens, and facilitate activation of immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunity = Protection against infection or disease Immune response = Coordinated reaction of the immune system against infections and foreign substances Antigen = Substance capable of inducing a specific immune response Cytokines = Soluble molecules secreted by cells to regulate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary Lymphoid Organs = Sites for the production and maturation of lymphocytes, including bone marrow and thymus Secondary Lymphoid Organs = Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens, such as lymph nodes and spleen Tonsils = Contain lymphoid tissue that traps pathogens entering through the mouth and nose Lymphatic vessels = Transport lymph containing antigens to secondary lymphoid organs for immune response activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytes (WBCs) = Central to all immune responses as they combat infections Cytokines = Regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses by acting as signaling molecules Phagocytosis = Process by which phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens in the body Lymphocytes = Mediate specific immune responses by recognizing antigens and producing antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells that engulf and digest pathogens in the body = Phagocytes Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens for immune response activation = Secondary Lymphoid Organs Substances capable of inducing a specific immune response = Antigens Sites for T cell maturation and differentiation = Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymus = Primary Lymphoid Organ Bone marrow = Primary Lymphoid Organ Tonsil = Secondary Lymphoid Organ Spleen = Secondary Lymphoid Organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immunity = Non-specific immunity Adaptive immunity = Specific mechanisms of defense Third-Line Defenses = Immune response that recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen First-Line of Defenses = Body's initial barrier against pathogens such as physical and chemical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin = Acts as a barrier to invasion Sweat = Contains chemicals which can kill different pathogens Tears = Have lysozyme with powerful digestive abilities that render antigens harmless Mucus = Can trap pathogens, which are then sneezed, coughed, washed away, or destroyed by chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redness = Capillary dilation resulting in increased blood flow Heat = Capillary dilation resulting in increased blood flow Swelling = Passage of plasma from the blood stream into damaged tissue Pain = Mainly due to tissue destruction and, to a lesser extent, swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins and polysaccharides = Macromolecules that elicit an immune response in the body Inhaled macromolecules (e.g., proteins on cat hairs) = Capable of inducing a specific immune response Ingested macromolecules (e.g., shellfish proteins) = Trigger an allergic response in susceptible people Molecules introduced beneath the skin (e.g., on a splinter) = Enter the body from the environment and can trigger an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-Line of Defenses = Body's initial barrier against pathogens such as physical and chemical barriers Second-Line Defenses = Activated if a pathogen gets past the first line of defense and causes an infection Third-Line Defenses = Immune response that recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen Innate immunity = Non-specific immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saliva = Contains lysozyme which has powerful digestive abilities that render antigens harmless Stomach Acid = Destroys pathogens Antigen = 'Any substance (usually foreign) that binds specifically to an antibody' Antibodies and specialized cells = 'Render pathogens harmless by attacking and destroying them'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition, attack, destruction, and memory of each pathogen = 'Third-Line Defenses' of the immune system Differentiation among pathogens and production of specific cells for each type of pathogen = 'Third-Line Defenses' of the immune system Making specialized cells and antibodies to render pathogens harmless = 'Third-Line Defenses' of the immune system Production of cells specific for particular pathogens = 'Third-Line Defenses' of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foreign substance that binds specifically to an antibody or T cell receptor = 'Antigen' Substance capable of inducing a specific immune response = 'Antigen' Macromolecules that elicit an immune response in the body = 'Antigens - Proteins and polysaccharides' Example: shellfish proteins triggering an allergic response in susceptible people = 'Ingested macromolecules'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trapping pathogens and facilitating their removal or destruction = 'Mucus' Acts as a barrier to invasion by pathogens = 'Skin' Contains chemicals which can kill different pathogens = 'Sweat' Has powerful digestive abilities that render antigens harmless = 'Tears'</p> Signup and view all the answers