32 Questions
What type of immunity has hard-coded detectors for common pathogenic signatures?
Innate immunity
What is the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins?
To display portions of degraded proteins on the cell surface
What type of immune response is mediated by T cells?
Cell mediated response
What is the function of B cells in the adaptive immune response?
To secrete antibodies against pathogens
What is the primary function of the skin in the innate immune response?
To repel nearly all pathogens
What is the role of epitopes in the adaptive immune response?
They are recognized by the immune system, triggering an antibody response
What is the term for the period of time during which symptoms of a disease appear, but full recovery has not yet been achieved?
Period of illness
What is the primary function of the first line of defense mentioned in the text?
To prevent the entry of pathogens into the body
What is the term for an animal that can harbor a pathogen without showing symptoms, serving as a source of infection for others?
Reservoir host
What is the term for the inability of the body to fully recover from an infection, resulting in persisting disease after effects?
Sequelae
What type of proteins are produced by the host to inhibit viral replication?
Host-coded proteins
What is the term for the agent that transmits a pathogen from one host to another?
Vector
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
To engulf and digest foreign substances
What is the term for the period of time during which an individual is infected but shows no symptoms?
Incubation period
What is the term for the immune process that does not require the presence of antibodies?
Cell-mediated immunity
What is the term for the host in which a parasite can undergo asexual reproduction?
Definitive host
What is the name of the tumor that is of viral origin and affects the epidermis?
Wart
What is the term for the mode of transmission where a pathogen is spread through physical contact between individuals?
Direct contact
What is the technique used for visualizing antigen in tissue sections, cell suspensions, and monolayers?
Immunofluorescence
What is the term for the period of time during which the body repairs damaged tissue after an infection?
Convalescence period
What is the primary function of B-lymphocytes?
Producing antibodies
Which type of cell can become a macrophage?
Iculendothelial cell
What is the term for the process by which macrophages engulf and digest foreign particles?
Phagocytosis
What is the term for the specific region on an antigen that is recognized by the immune system?
Epitope
What is the term for a small molecule that is not immunogenic but can act as an antigen when it binds to a larger protein molecule?
Hapten
What is the primary defense against bacteria, such as Staph and Strep, by the immune system?
Phagocytosis
What is the primary function of antibodies produced by B cells?
To recognize and inactivate specific antigens
Which of the following cells is responsible for producing immunoglobulin molecules?
B cells
What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is generalized, while adaptive immunity is specific
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
To mature and select T cells
Which of the following is an example of an antigen?
A virus
What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
To trap and filter out pathogens and activate immune cells
Study Notes
Phagocytes (WBC)
- Phagocytosis: the process by which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles and bacteria
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):
- Protein present on the extracellular surface of cells that displays portions of proteins degraded inside the cell
- Recognized by the immune system, triggering an immune response
Adaptive Immunity
- T cells destroy infected cells to eradicate intracellular pathogens
- B cells secrete antibodies to fight extracellular pathogens
- Frequency and geographic distribution of pathogens affect human infections
Innate Immunity
- First line of defense against pathogens
- Hard-coded detectors for common pathogenic signatures, repelling nearly everything
- Skin and mucous membranes provide a physical barrier against pathogens
Modes of Disease Transmission
- Direct Contact: requires physical contact between individuals
- Indirect Contact: spread through inanimate objects or vectors
- Vector-borne transmission: via an agent that transmits a pathogen
Hosts
- Intermediate Host: can live for a short period of time
- Reservoir Host: can live for a long time without ill effects
- Definitive Host: supports asexual reproduction of the parasite
Immune System Cells
- Macrophages: engulf and digest foreign particles and bacteria
- Lymphocytes (B and T cells):
- B cells secrete antibodies to fight extracellular pathogens
- T cells destroy infected cells to eradicate intracellular pathogens
- Thrombocytes/Platelets: small, circulating in the bloodstream
Antigens and Antibodies
- Antigen: any substance that triggers an immune response
- Antibody: immunoglobulin molecule produced in response to a specific antigen
- Epitope: the specific region on an antigen that is recognized by the immune system
- Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): display antigens on their surface to trigger an immune response
This quiz covers the functions of phagocytes and lymphocytes, including humoral and cell-mediated responses. It also explores the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in antigen presentation.
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