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Anthropological Archaeology 2PA3 Midterm 1
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Anthropological Archaeology 2PA3 Midterm 1

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Questions and Answers

Which field of anthropology focuses on the study of human language?

Linguistic anthropology

What does archaeology study?

Remains left behind by past peoples

What is the ideational perspective in anthropology?

A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior

What is the adaptive perspective in anthropology?

<p>A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main branches of anthropology?

<p>Biological, cultural, and linguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the next step after testing the hypothesis in the scientific method?

<p>Step 6: Reject, revise, and/or retest hypotheses as necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the scientific method?

<p>Step 1: Define a relevant problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the First Four Scientific Methods

<p>1 = Define a relevant problem 2 = Establish one or more hypotheses 3 = Determine the empirical implications of the hypotheses 4 = Collect appropriate data through observation and/or experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

List out the 6 steps for the Scientific Method

<p>Define, Establish, Determine, Collect, Test, Reject Revise Retest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of theory

<p>Low-level theory = Observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work Middle-level theory = Hypothesis that links archaeological observations with the human behavior or natural processes that produced them High-level theory = Theory that seeks to answer large “why” questions blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Levels of Theory are required for High-Level Theory

<p>Low and Middle Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical context to the right period

<p>Antiquity = King Nabonidus of Babylon Middle Ages = Christian mindset Renaissance = Printing Press Enlightenment = Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct description to the individual found in the Enlightenment Period

<p>Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign = Discovery of Rosetta stone Boucher de Perthes = Discovered ancient stone tools along with bones of extinct animals in France Charles Lyell = Theory of uniformitarianism Christian Jürgensen Thomsen = Stone Age &gt; Bronze Age &gt; Iron Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Charles Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism:

<p>What happened in the past follows uniform processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Alfred Vincent Kidder Known for ?

<p>Studied the evolution of ceramic technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lewis Binford came up with processualism

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ian Hodder defended Processualism

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Definition to the term

<p>Landscape = Material manifestation of the relation between humans and their environments Seasonal Round = Hunter-gatherers’ movements to different places on a landscape, usually on a seasonal basis, according to available resources balnk 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to their definitions

<p>Remote Sensing = Photographic and geophysical techniques that use some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological target Magnetometry = A remote sensing technique that measures the strength of magnetism between the earth’s magnetic core and a sensor Soil Resistivity = A remote sensing technique that monitors the electrical resistance of soils Ground-Penetrating Radar = A remote sensing technique in which radar pulses directed into the ground reflect back to the surface when they strike anomalous features</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition for a Geographic Information System (GIS)

<p>Computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can Magnetometry and Ground-Penetrating Radar find?

<p>ditches</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between In stui and Ex stiu?

<p>In situ (in position)- The original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited Ex situ - Away from the original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the definition

<p>Provenience = Artefact’s location within a site Context = The relationship of an artefact, ecofact, or feature to other artefacts, ecofacts, features, and layers within a site balnk 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of fluid suspension to recover tiny burned plant remains and bone fragments from archaeological sites is called ____?

<p>Flotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Prevention Bias?

<p>Environmental conditions dictate the preservation of organic material to become fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of things can Soil Resistivity find?

<p>Can find buried walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Site Formation Processes to their definitions.

<p>Plow zone = all artifacts in situ may be totally reworked Pit features = can also disturb layers Faulting = once layer falls down creates a sink- more falls down Discard Tools, clothing, structures = everything eventually breaks or wears out and is discarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the site formation processes with their definitions.

<p>Loss Other things = such as an arrow that misses its target or a necklace or pot left at an abandoned camp. Catching Still = others are intentionally catched Ritual Interment Burials = and their associated grave goods blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the Site Formation Processes, PPFDLCR

<p>Plow zone, pit features, discard, loss other things, catching still, ritual interment burials</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of superposition?

<p>any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to their definitions

<p>Law of Superposition = any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom Index Fossils = particularly useful to establish a relative date Seriation = Orders artefacts “in a series” from oldest to youngest Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seriation orders artefacts “in a series” from _____ to ______

Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to the definitions.

<p>Radiocarbon Dating = Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials Old Wood Problem = A potential problem in which old wood has been scavenged and reused at a later archaeological site Trapped Charge Dating = Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation Potassium-Argon Dating = Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the 2 effects of the Old Wood Problem

<p>Reservoir Effect and de Vries Effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to the definitions.

<p>Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere de Vries Effects = Fluctuations in the atmosphere’s Carbon-14 content blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what Trapped Charge Dating is.

<p>Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what potassium-argon dating is

<p>Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

describe what radiocarbon dating is.

<p>Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the definition to its term.

<p>Relative Dating = Dates expressed relative to one another based on the law of superposition and stratigraphic principles Absolute Dating = A date expressed in specific units of scientific measurement, such as days, years, centuries, or millennia blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typology is objective, explicit, reproducible, and systematic arrangement of artefacts into “types”

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the Classification Types

<p>Morphological, Temporal, Functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to the definitions

<p>Morphological = Focuses on shape and size Temporal = Is a time marker for a certain time or place Functional = A class of artefacts that performed the same function blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a Functional type of artifact discussed in class?

<p>Mousterian Scrapers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did the case study Mousterian Scrapers originate?

<p>Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the frision effect?

<p>Artefact’s original shape can change considerably through resharpening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions to their terms

<p>Culture Areas = large areas primarily defined by the foods people consumed Phases = consist of different components Components = various sites in a region Assemblages = a group of artifacts recovered from a site</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions

<p>Archeology = The study of remains left behind by past peoples across the globe Biological = The study of humans and related extant/extinct species Cultural = The study of modern human culture Lingustic = The study of human language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to its definition

<p>Ideational Perspective = A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior Adaptive Perspective = A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between an artifact and an ecofact.

<p>Artifact : An artifact is any object made by a human being.<br /> Ecofact: is any organic material that has been recovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the ____ layer is on top and the _____ on the bottom

<p>youngest , oldest</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ water/compacted soil the ____ resistance to electrical currents

<p>more,less</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ is the middle-ground between processualism and post- processualism and founded by _______

<p>Processual-Plus, Michelle Hegmon</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ sorting of processed bulk soil / sediment samples for tiny artefacts / ecofacts

<p>hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Moundbuilder Myth

<p>Argued that Native Americans were capable building burial mounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of _____ can allow archaeologists to uncover ______ artefacts /ecofacts like pieces of charcoal, burned seeds, bone splinters, etc

<p>sieves , extremely small</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anthropology Overview

  • Linguistic anthropology studies human language and its social, cultural, and historical contexts.
  • Archaeology examines past human societies through material remains and artifacts.

Theoretical Perspectives in Anthropology

  • The ideational perspective emphasizes the role of ideas, symbols, and mental concepts in shaping human behavior.
  • The adaptive perspective focuses on how humans adapt to their environments, influencing cultural practices and behaviors.

Branches of Anthropology

  • There are three primary branches of anthropology: cultural anthropology, archaeological anthropology, and biological anthropology.

Scientific Method Steps

  • The first step of the scientific method involves making observations and asking questions.

  • After testing a hypothesis, the next step is to analyze the results and draw conclusions.

  • The first four steps of the scientific method typically include:

    • Observation
    • Hypothesis formulation
    • Experimentation
    • Analysis

  • Six steps of the scientific method include:

    • Question
    • Research
    • Hypothesis
    • Experiment
    • Analysis
    • Conclusion

Levels of Theory

  • High-level theory requires integration of various levels of theory, including empirical, mid-range, and grand theories.

Historical Context and Enlightenment Period

  • Historical contexts are matched with respective periods, highlighting significant developments.
  • Key figures from the Enlightenment period can be described based on their contributions to thought and philosophy.

Key Theories and Contributions

  • Charles Lyell introduced uniformitarianism, positing that geological processes are uniform over time.
  • Alfred Vincent Kidder is known for his contributions to archaeology, particularly in the study of Southwestern United States prehistory.
  • Lewis Binford developed processualism, advocating a scientific approach to archaeology.
  • Ian Hodder defended processualism, bridging it with post-processualism.

Archaeological Techniques and Definitions

  • Geographic Information System (GIS) is a method for analyzing spatial data for archaeological purposes.
  • Magnetometry and Ground-Penetrating Radar can locate underground features and artifacts.
  • The terms "in situ" and "ex situ" differentiate between objects found in their original context versus those moved from their context.
  • Fluid suspension techniques recover microremains like burned plant debris and tiny bone fragments from sites.

Site Formation and Processes

  • Soil resistivity methods help locate buried archaeological features.
  • Site formation processes include:
    • Post-depositional changes
    • Preservation factors
    • Disturbance events
    • Land-use practices
    • Climate effects
    • Resource availability

Superposition and Seriation

  • The law of superposition states that in undisturbed layers, the oldest materials are at the bottom, and the newest are at the top.
  • Seriation organizes artifacts from oldest to newest, illustrating changes over time.

Analytical Techniques

  • The Old Wood Problem can introduce bias in dating, affecting age estimations.
  • Trapped Charge Dating measures the accumulated charge in minerals to date findings.
  • Potassium-argon dating involves measuring the decay of radioactive potassium to date volcanic rocks.
  • Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of organic materials using decay rates of carbon isotopes.

Classification and Artifact Analysis

  • Typology is a systematic arrangement of artifacts into categories based on objective characteristics.
  • Classification types include functional, stylistic, and temporal categories.
  • Functional types of artifacts serve specific purposes, e.g., tools or containers.
  • Mousterian Scrapers, from the Mousterian culture, are associated with Europe and the Neanderthals.

Comparing Artifacts and Ecofacts

  • Artifacts are human-made items, while ecofacts are natural remains that provide information about past environments.
  • In geological layers, the upper layer is the most recent, while the lower layer is the oldest.

Processualism and Post-Processualism

  • A middle-ground approach between processualism and post-processualism emphasizes both scientific methods and subjective human experiences.
  • Techniques involve sorting processed soil samples to recover fine artifacts and ecofacts.

Myths and Archaeological Discoveries

  • The Moundbuilder Myth refers to misconceptions about the builders of earthen mounds in North America being ancient civilizations unrelated to Native Americans.
  • Archaeological techniques allow for the discovery of small artifacts and ecofacts through careful processing and screening of soil samples.

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Anthropological Archaeology 2PA3 possible questions for midterm 1

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