Make flashcards: Mod 1: Reconstruction Era Freedman’s Bureau: Established in 1865 to assist formerly enslaved people by providing food, housing, education, and medical aid, while a... Make flashcards: Mod 1: Reconstruction Era Freedman’s Bureau: Established in 1865 to assist formerly enslaved people by providing food, housing, education, and medical aid, while also overseeing labor contracts. Andrew Johnson’s View on Suffrage: Johnson opposed Black suffrage and believed only whites should vote, viewing it as a state decision rather than federal. Andrew Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction: Johnson's lenient plan pardoned many ex-Confederates and allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union without significant changes, leading to pushback from Radical Republicans who wanted more protections for freedmen. Black Codes: Laws passed in Southern states to limit the freedoms of African Americans, ensuring a labor force for plantations and maintaining racial subordination. Goals for Radical Republicans (1800s): They sought to transform Southern society by guaranteeing civil rights for freedmen, including voting rights, and punishing former Confederates. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers: Scalawags were Southern whites who supported Reconstruction, while Carpetbaggers were Northerners who moved South to seek opportunities during Reconstruction. Sharecropping: A system where landowners allowed tenants (often freedmen) to farm land in return for a share of the crops, often leading to a cycle of debt and economic dependency. Reconstruction Act of 1867: Divided the South into military districts and required Southern states to grant voting rights to African American men and ratify the 14th Amendment for re-entry into the Union. 14th and 15th Amendments: The 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the U.S., while the 15th Amendment prohibited denying voting rights based on race. Hayes/Tilden Election and the Impact: The contested 1876 election led to the Compromise of 1877, which ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South. Leon Litwack - Slaves No More: Historian Leon Litwack explored the challenges and opportunities for African Americans during Reconstruction and the complex transition from slavery to freedom. Mod 2: Gilded Age Labor and Technology Difficulties Faced by Workers: Workers dealt with low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions, often with little legal protection. Knights of Labor: A labor organization open to all workers that sought reforms like an 8-hour workday but declined after being associated with violent strikes. American Federation of Labor (AFL): Founded by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers and practical goals like better wages and working conditions. Eugene Debs and the Pullman Strike: Labor leader Eugene Debs organized the Pullman Strike, a major railroad strike that was suppressed by federal troops. Late 19th Century Technological Breakthroughs: Inventions like the telephone, electric light, and steel production transformed industry and communication. Money Supply Issues: Farmers and others debated over using silver vs. gold as currency, with many favoring 'free silver' to combat deflation and debt. Important Political Issues (Late 1800s): Issues included tariffs, labor rights, economic inequality, and currency reform. Reading on Haymarket Riot (America Firsthand): The Haymarket Riot in Chicago marked a violent clash between labor protestors and police, leading to a backlash against labor movements. Reading on Brass Workers (America Firsthand): A firsthand account of working conditions in brass factories, highlighting exploitation and the push for labor reforms. Documentary on Telephone: Examined the invention and societal impact of the telephone, revolutionizing communication in the late 19th century. Mod 3: Populism and Progressivism Farmer’s Alliance: A collective movement of farmers advocating for economic reforms like government regulation of railroads and crop storage. Populists and Their Platform: The Populist Party called for reforms like free silver, government ownership of railroads, and a graduated income tax. William Jennings Bryan: A Populist leader and orator, known for his 'Cross of Gold' speech advocating for free silver. Immigration: Late 19th-century immigration surged, leading to debates about assimilation, nativism, and immigration restrictions. Reforms in the City (Structural): Included efforts to improve urban living conditions through infrastructure projects and social reforms. Settlement House Movement: Social reformers like Jane Addams established settlement houses to aid poor urban immigrants by providing services like education and healthcare. Progressive Movement and Its Causes: Aimed to address social injustices, corruption, and inequality caused by industrialization. Progressive Reforms: Included antitrust laws, labor protections, and regulation of food and drugs (e.g., Meat Inspection Act). Progressive Reforms for Women: Focused on suffrage, labor rights, and educational opportunities for women. Roosevelt + Meat Inspection Act: Theodore Roosevelt pushed for the Meat Inspection Act in response to Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle,' which exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. 1912 Election: A four-way race between Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson, and Debs, highlighting divisions within the Progressive movement. Mod 4: World War I Alliances on Both Sides (WWI): Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (Britain, France, Russia, USA). Invasion of Belgium and Impact: Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium shocked the world and contributed to anti-German sentiment in the U.S. Ethnic Groups in USA and Which Side They Supported: Immigrant communities were divided, with German Americans often neutral or pro-Germany, while others supported the Allies. Issues Causing Friction Between GB and USA: Naval blockades, trade restrictions, and British interference with U.S. shipping strained relations. Wilson’s Belief on American Neutrality: President Wilson initially promoted neutrality, seeing it as essential to maintaining peace and diplomacy. Sinking of Lusitania and Wilson’s Response: The sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat, killing 128 Americans, led Wilson to demand an end to unrestricted submarine warfare. German Decision to Resume Submarine Warfare (Unrestricted): Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, contributing to U.S. entry into the war. Germany’s Proposed Alliance with Mexico: The Zimmermann Telegram proposed a German-Mexican alliance, which, when discovered, pushed the U.S. toward war. Mod 5: World War I Domestic Effects Federal Government’s Increasing Role in Everyday Life (WWI): The U.S. government expanded its power through war production controls, the draft, and propaganda efforts. Legislation Passed to Curb Anti-War Activity: The Espionage and Sedition Acts were enacted to suppress dissent and anti-war activism. Opponents to War: Various groups, including socialists and pacifists like Ernest Meyer in 'Hey! Yellowbacks!,' opposed U.S. involvement in WWI. Tumultuous Developments in USA (1919): The post-war period saw labor strikes, racial tensions, and the Red Scare, reflecting domestic unrest. 1918 Flu Pandemic: A deadly influenza pandemic swept the globe, killing millions, including 675,000 Americans. Mod 6: The Roaring Twenties Welfare Capitalism: Employers provided benefits like health insurance to prevent worker unrest and reduce union influence. Lynds + Middletown Study: A sociological study examining the daily lives of people in a small American city, focusing on class and social changes in the 1920s. Automobiles in the 1920s: The widespread adoption of cars, especially the Ford Model T, revolutionized transportation and American culture. Birth of a Nation and Its Impact on Silent Film: D.W. Griffith’s film was a cinematic milestone but controversial for its racist portrayal of African Americans and its glorification of the KKK. Developments in Sound Film: 'Talkies' like The Jazz Singer revolutionized the film industry by introducing synchronized sound. Changes for Stay-at-Home Mothers: The 1920s saw shifts in domestic life as new consumer goods and technologies eased household burdens. The Flapper: Represented the new, modern woman of the 1920s, challenging traditional gender roles through fashion, behavior, and attitudes. Middletown + Only Yesterday Readings: These works explored cultural and social changes in the 1920s, from economic prosperity to evolving values. Mod 7: Social and Political Conflicts KKK (Ku Klux Klan): Experienced a resurgence in the 1920s, targeting African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews. Antisemitism (1920s): Growing anti-Jewish sentiment was fueled by nativism and xenophobia during the decade. Immigration Quotas: The National Origins Act of 1924 restricted immigration, favoring Northern Europeans and discriminating against others. Scopes Trial and Its Effect: The 1925 trial, debating the teaching of evolution in schools, symbolized the clash between modern science and religious fundamentalism. Demon Rum Documentary: Explored the history and social impact of Prohibition, which banned alcohol in the U.S. from 192. Read more