Distinguish normal reference ranges for glucose in gestational diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, and Type II diabetes. List reference ranges for lactate and microalbumin. Discuss the abno... Distinguish normal reference ranges for glucose in gestational diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, and Type II diabetes. List reference ranges for lactate and microalbumin. Discuss the abnormal metabolic relationships among glucose, ketones, fatty acids, and metabolic acids (lactate), in an insulin-dependent individual. Discuss causes of hypoglycemia. Explain methods for detecting ketones in serum and urine, microalbumin in urine. Describe POCT glucose methods. Explain the pros and cons of using the fructosamine test. Describe the relationship of pyruvate and lactate. Describe the preanalytical factors related to lactate, pyruvate, and POC glucose testing. Explain the relationship of C-peptide with insulin.
Understand the Problem
The question is asking for distinct reference ranges for glucose in different types of diabetes and additional medical information regarding metabolic processes and tests related to glucose, ketones, and lactate in the context of diabetes management.
Answer
Normal glucose ranges: Gestational diabetes (fasting ≥5.1 mmol/L, 1-hour ≥10.0 mmol/L, 2-hour ≥8.5 mmol/L); Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (fasting 70-99 mg/dL). Normal lactate: 0.5-1 mmol/L. Microalbumin: <30 mg/g creatinine.
Normal glucose ranges for gestational diabetes are fasting ≥5.1 mmol/L, 1-hour ≥10.0 mmol/L, 2-hour ≥8.5 mmol/L. Normal fasting glucose for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is 70-99 mg/dL. Normal lactate is 0.5-1 mmol/L. Microalbumin is <30 mg/g creatinine.
Answer for screen readers
Normal glucose ranges for gestational diabetes are fasting ≥5.1 mmol/L, 1-hour ≥10.0 mmol/L, 2-hour ≥8.5 mmol/L. Normal fasting glucose for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is 70-99 mg/dL. Normal lactate is 0.5-1 mmol/L. Microalbumin is <30 mg/g creatinine.
More Information
Gestational diabetes requires more specific attention during pregnancy since the glucose levels needed to diagnose differ from standard Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Tips
Common mistakes include not distinguishing different criteria for gestational diabetes and general diabetes. Double-check the reference ranges for each type.
Sources
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - canadianjournalofdiabetes.com
- Glucose: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels - emedicine.medscape.com
- Diabetes and Pregnancy - guidelines.diabetes.ca
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