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Questions and Answers
Which condition is caused by a bacterial infection in birds?
Which condition is caused by a bacterial infection in birds?
What diagnostic method can be employed to directly visualize and take samples from lesions in birds?
What diagnostic method can be employed to directly visualize and take samples from lesions in birds?
Which treatment option is primarily used for relief of respiratory distress in birds?
Which treatment option is primarily used for relief of respiratory distress in birds?
Which of the following treatments would be effective against a fungal infection in birds?
Which of the following treatments would be effective against a fungal infection in birds?
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Which of the following conditions is zoonotic and transmitted through respiratory secretions?
Which of the following conditions is zoonotic and transmitted through respiratory secretions?
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Which clinical sign indicates a respiratory issue in reptiles?
Which clinical sign indicates a respiratory issue in reptiles?
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What is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia in reptiles related to husbandry?
What is a common bacterial cause of pneumonia in reptiles related to husbandry?
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Which factor must be considered when diagnosing fungal infections in reptiles?
Which factor must be considered when diagnosing fungal infections in reptiles?
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What is a non-infectious cause of respiratory issues in reptiles?
What is a non-infectious cause of respiratory issues in reptiles?
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Which of the following is a viral pneumonia specific to tortoises?
Which of the following is a viral pneumonia specific to tortoises?
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What causes poor shedding in reptiles as a respiratory clinical sign?
What causes poor shedding in reptiles as a respiratory clinical sign?
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Which condition involves aspiration pneumonia in reptiles?
Which condition involves aspiration pneumonia in reptiles?
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What is the primary approach to assessing respiratory diseases in reptiles?
What is the primary approach to assessing respiratory diseases in reptiles?
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What is a common clinical sign of respiratory diseases in birds?
What is a common clinical sign of respiratory diseases in birds?
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Which treatment option is appropriate for musculoskeletal diseases in reptiles?
Which treatment option is appropriate for musculoskeletal diseases in reptiles?
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What management practice is NOT recommended for musculoskeletal diseases in reptiles?
What management practice is NOT recommended for musculoskeletal diseases in reptiles?
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What is a potential treatment for severe cases of musculoskeletal diseases in reptiles?
What is a potential treatment for severe cases of musculoskeletal diseases in reptiles?
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Which of the following is a clinical sign of respiratory disease in birds that indicates a possible blocked nasal passage?
Which of the following is a clinical sign of respiratory disease in birds that indicates a possible blocked nasal passage?
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What is an essential diagnostic tool for assessing respiratory conditions in reptiles?
What is an essential diagnostic tool for assessing respiratory conditions in reptiles?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically mentioned to help reduce inflammation and pain in reptiles?
Which of the following treatments is specifically mentioned to help reduce inflammation and pain in reptiles?
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What is a sign of musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases in reptiles?
What is a sign of musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases in reptiles?
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What is a potential cause of Metabolic Bone Disease in reptiles?
What is a potential cause of Metabolic Bone Disease in reptiles?
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Which treatment should specifically NOT be used in chelonia?
Which treatment should specifically NOT be used in chelonia?
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Which laboratory diagnostic method is useful for evaluating infectious causes of respiratory diseases in reptiles?
Which laboratory diagnostic method is useful for evaluating infectious causes of respiratory diseases in reptiles?
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What condition is characterized by excess uric acid deposition in tissues or joints in reptiles?
What condition is characterized by excess uric acid deposition in tissues or joints in reptiles?
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What could be a nutritional factor leading to Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHP) in reptiles?
What could be a nutritional factor leading to Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHP) in reptiles?
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What is one of the main clinical signs indicative of musculoskeletal diseases in birds?
What is one of the main clinical signs indicative of musculoskeletal diseases in birds?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically aimed at preventing further damage in cases of musculoskeletal injuries?
Which of the following treatments is specifically aimed at preventing further damage in cases of musculoskeletal injuries?
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Which respiratory disease in small mammals is characterized by a highly contagious infection in rats?
Which respiratory disease in small mammals is characterized by a highly contagious infection in rats?
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What diagnostic method would best help identify potential airway obstruction in respiratory disease cases in small mammals?
What diagnostic method would best help identify potential airway obstruction in respiratory disease cases in small mammals?
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Which treatment is typically not considered supportive care for musculoskeletal injuries in birds?
Which treatment is typically not considered supportive care for musculoskeletal injuries in birds?
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What clinical sign is often associated with poor body condition in small mammals suffering from respiratory disease?
What clinical sign is often associated with poor body condition in small mammals suffering from respiratory disease?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a differential diagnosis for non-infectious respiratory issues in small mammals?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a differential diagnosis for non-infectious respiratory issues in small mammals?
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Which diagnostic tool is best suited for detecting viral diseases in small mammals?
Which diagnostic tool is best suited for detecting viral diseases in small mammals?
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Study Notes
VMS 3010 - Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Diseases in NTCA
- Course code: VMS 3010
- Instructor: Dr. Sharmini Juilta Paramasivam, Associate Professor of Veterinary Behaviour and Animal Welfare, University of Surrey
- Focuses on respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases in non-traditional companion animals (reptiles, small mammals, birds).
Key Learning Objectives
- Develop differential diagnosis lists based on clinical presentations, selecting appropriate diagnostics.
- Determine appropriate medical and surgical interventions for respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases in non-traditional companion animals.
- Evaluate prognosis and welfare implications of treatment options.
- Design control measures for disease prevention.
Reptile Anatomy Review (MSK & Respiratory)
- Lack of diaphragm – coelomic cavity
- Presence of renal portal system
Reptile Respiratory Diseases - Clinical Signs
- Open-mouth breathing (yawning)
- Fluid/froth in mouth (oral mucus)
- Mucus on nostrils
- Bubble blowing
- Periocular edema
- Lethargy/anorexia
- Poor shedding
- Buoyancy issues (Chelonians)
- Blepharospasm
Reptile Respiratory - Differential Diagnoses
- Infectious: Viral pneumonia (Herpes - immunocompromised tortoises, Paramyxo + Reovirus (squamata), IBD, Retrovirus, Adenovirus), Parasitic (lungworm, hookworm, pentastomids), Bacterial pneumonia (husbandry-related:Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila spp), Fungal (Aspergillus, Candida spp).
- Non-infectious: Mineral deficiency (Hypovitaminosis A, Chelonians), Trauma (bites, door/propeller strikes), Aspiration pneumonia, Space-occupying lesion at glottis, Toxins (smoke inhalation), Husbandry issues (bedding).
Reptile MSK Diseases - Clinical Signs
- Anorexia
- Paralysis
- Weakness
- Odd shape / non-symmetrical body
- Soft shell
- Misshapen jaw
- Dropped jaw
- Muscle twitching
- Reduced body mass
- Wounds (muscle tear, open fracture)
- Joint swelling
- Lumps and bumps
Reptile MSK - Differential Diagnoses
- Congenital Deformity
- Metabolic Bone Disease: Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, Lack of dietary calcium, inadequate UVB light, low blood calcium levels.
- MSK Trauma: Fractures, bites, doors, severe burns
- Infectious: Septic arthritis
- Gout: Excess uric acid deposited in tissue/joints
- Nutritional: Hypovitaminosis A
Reptile Respiratory - Diagnostics
- History (management, environment, bedding), other pets/animals
- Hematology and biochemistry (inflammatory markers, albumin, globulin)
- Radiography (views)
- Fecal examination
- Aspiration cytology
- Culture and sensitivity
- Ultrasound
- CT
- Lung wash (0.5-1.0 mL saline per BW)
- Direct swab, endoscopy, or laparoscopy
Reptile Respiratory - Treatment
- Clear airways (nasal flush)
- Nebulisation, Coupage
- Reduce inflammation/pain (analgesia, anti-inflammatory)
- Rehydration (fluid therapy)
- Infectious treatment (antimycoplasmal drugs, antibiotics, antiparasitics)
- Mucolytics (bromhexine)
- Aqueous eye drops
- Husbandry changes (diet, environment, ventilation, bedding)
Bird Anatomy Review - Respiratory System
- Includes pneumatic bones, air sacs, and complex respiratory system unique to birds.
Bird Respiratory Diseases - Clinical Signs
- Feather plucking
- Stained feathers above nares
- Increased nasal discharge
- Irritation/scratching/rubbing head
- Dyspnea
- Persistent conjunctivitis
- Sneezing
- Periocular edema
- Blocked nasal passage (rhinolith)
Bird Respiratory - Differential Diagnoses
- Infectious: Viral pneumonia, Bacterial pneumonia (Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma), Aspergillosis, Chlamydophila psittaci, Air sac mite
- Non-infectious: Hypovitaminosis A
Bird Respiratory - Diagnostics
- History (diet, environment, bedding, deworming status)
- Palpation and auscultation
- Hematology and biochemistry
- Culture and sensitivity
- Radiography
- Ultrasound
- Endoscopy (to see, sample, remove plaques)
- PCR (if applicable)
- Post mortem
Bird Respiratory - Treatment
- Fluid therapy (PO, SQ, IV, IO)
- Nebulization (diluted)
- Analgesia
- Anti-parasitic drugs (e.g., ivermectin)
- Antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline, enrofloxacin)
- Antifungals (e.g., itraconazole)
- Bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol)
- Mucolytics (e.g., bromhexine)
- Surgical removal of rhinoliths (if applicable)
Small Mammal Respiratory Diseases - Clinical Signs
- Nasal discharge
- Dyspnea
- Sneezing
- Crusty nasal area
- Dirty fur
- Poor body condition
- Dull coat
- Inappetence
- Isolation from group
- Porphyrin staining (rats)
Small Mammal Respiratory - Differential Diagnoses
- Infectious: Bacterial pneumonia (Mycoplasma pulmonis), Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurellosis, Streptococcus/Klebsiela pneumonia, Viral pneumonia (canine distemper), Fungal pneumonia (Aspergillosis, Pneumocystis), Parasitic (Aelurostrongylus spp).
- Non-infectious: Allergy, dusty environment, poor ventilation, high ammonia, neoplasia in older animals, dental disease.
Small Mammal Respiratory - Diagnostics
- History (diet, environment, bedding, deworming status)
- Palpation and auscultation
- Hematology and biochemistry
- Culture and sensitivity
- Radiography
- Ultrasound
- Endoscopy
- PCR, Post-mortem
Small Mammal Respiratory - Treatment
- Fluid therapy (PO, SQ, IV, IO)
- Oxygen and nebulization
- Analgesia
- Inflammatory treatment
- Mucolytics (bromhexine)
- Bronchodilators (salbutamol)
- Antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines)
Small Mammal MSK Diseases - Clinical Signs
- Reluctant to move
- Swollen joints
- Anorexia, open wound
- Fractures (severe)
- Luxations (carpometacarpal)
- Metabolic bone disease
Small Mammal MSK - Treatment and Prognosis
- Pain relief and inflammation (Analgesia, anti-inflammatory)
- Hydration/fluid loss treatment (Fluid therapy, IV, IO, SC)
- Immobilization/limb support (bandages, splints)
- Antimicrobial therapy if indicated (oral or injection)
- Supportive care (tube feeding, crop feeding)
- Surgical repair (internal/external/hybrid options)
- Cage rest.
Small Mammal MSK - Diagnostics
- Radiographs
- Haematology and biochemistry
- Palpation
- Assessment
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Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases specific to non-traditional companion animals such as reptiles, small mammals, and birds. This quiz will cover differential diagnoses, suitable medical interventions, and the implications of treatment options. Challenge yourself with the clinical signs and anatomical features relevant to these diseases.
