2024 MSK and Respiratory Diseases in NTCA PDF
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Uploaded by SimplerBouzouki
University of Surrey
2024
Dr Sharmini Juilta Paramasivam
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Summary
This document contains lecture notes on respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases in non-traditional companion animals (reptiles, small mammals, birds). It includes sections on clinical signs, differential diagnoses, diagnostics, and treatment, especially focusing on reptiles, birds, and small mammals. The document is from the University of Surrey.
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VMS 3010 R E S P I R AT O R Y A N D M U S C U L O S K E L E TA L DISEASES IN NTCA CODE DR SHARMINI JULITA PARAMASIVAM ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOUR AND ANIMAL WELFARE 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations and choose appropriate di...
VMS 3010 R E S P I R AT O R Y A N D M U S C U L O S K E L E TA L DISEASES IN NTCA CODE DR SHARMINI JULITA PARAMASIVAM ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOUR AND ANIMAL WELFARE 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations and choose appropriate diagnostics. 2. Determine appropriate medical and surgical interventions in the management and treatment of respiratory and MSK diseases in non traditional companion animals (reptiles, small mammal, birds) 3. Determine appropriate prognosis, and the welfare implications of treatment options. 4. Determine control measures appropriate for disease prevention. Thursday, 21 November 2024 2 REPTILES Anatomy revision (MSK & Respiratory) No diaphragm – coelomic cavity Presence of renal portal system Thursday, 21 November 2024 3 Lizard anatomy Thursday, 21 November 2024 4 Respiratory diseases in reptiles Clinical signs/ presentation -* snakes cant cough (yawn) - Open mouth breathing - Increase fluid or froth in mouth (oral mucus) - Mucus on nostril - Bubble blowing - Periocular oedema - Lethargy/ anorexia - Poor shedding - Buoyancy issues (Chelonia) - Blepharospasm Image from:vetlexicon.com/exotis Thursday, 21 November 2024 5 Differential diagnosis Infectious Viral pneumonia: Herpes – immunocompromised, common in tortoises, Paramyxo + Reovirus (in squamata), Inclusion body disease (IBD)*Neurological signs , Retrovirus, Adenovirus Parasitic: Lungworm (Rhabdias sp),Hookworm ( Kalicephalus sp),,* Pentastomids Bacterial pneumonia : common primary cause is husbandry related. (Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp, Mycoplasma*, Chlamydophila spp) Tortoises very susceptible to Mycoplasma (always check!) Fungal (Aspergillus, Candida spp) – must consider ventilation, lighting, temperature, humidity. Differential diagnosis Non infectious: Mineral deficiency - Hypovitaminosis A (Chelonia)- causes epithelial degeneration Trauma - Bites, door, boat propeller - Aspiration pneumonia. - Space occupying lesion at glottis. Toxins - Smoke inhalation - Bedding / Husbandry Thursday, 21 November 2024 7 Diagnostics Respiratory diseases in reptiles History – management? environment? bedding, no of animals? other pets? Haematology and biochemistry- inflam markers,Alb, Glob Radiography (Views) Faecal examination Aspiration cytology Culture and sensitivity Ultrasound CT Lung wash, 0.5 – 1.0 mL saline per BW and aspirate. Direct swab – directly to site of lesion, endoscopy or laparoscopy. Thursday, 21 November 2024 8 Treatment Respiratory diseases in reptiles Clear passage and open airways - Nasal flush, Nebulisation, Coupage *Snakes Reduce inflammation & pain – Analgesia, Anti- inflammatory Rehydrate - Fluid therapy is important Infectious tx - Antimycoplasmal drugs (Tylosin, ,Antibiotic, Antiparasitic Mucolytics- bromhexine Aqueous eye drops Husbandry practices (diet, environment, ventilation, bedding) ** Ivermectin should not be used in chelonia Thursday, 21 November 2024 9 MSK diseases in reptiles Clinical signs/ presentation - Anorexic - Paralysis - Weakness - ‘Odd shape’ / non symmetrical body - Soft shell - Misshapen jaw - ‘Dropped jaw’ - Muscle twitching - Loss of body mass (‘looks smaller’) - Wounds (muscle tear, open fracture) - Joint swelling - ‘Lumps and bumps’ Image taken from Vetlexicon 10 Thursday, 21 November 2024 Differential diagnosis MSK diseases in reptiles Congenital deformity Metabolic bone disease Due to Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism or Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHP) Lack dietary calcium, inadequate UVB light Lack of blood calcium increases PTH to absorb from bone, gut. MSK trauma – fracture, bites, doors, severe burns Infectious cause –Septic arthritis Gout – excess uric acid deposited in tissue or joints Nutritional - Hypovitaminosis A Thursday, 21 November 2024 11 Diagnostics MSK diseases in reptiles History (incidence, diet, environment, management) – trying to determine the source of mineral deficiency. Physical examination (palpation) Radiography Haematology and biochemistry (Ca:P ratio) 12 Thursday, 21 November 2024 Treatment and prognosis MSK diseases in reptiles Fluid therapy – IV, IO, oral Analgesia / anti-inflammatory (sometimes both) Wound management – Topical; silver sulfadiazine. Debridement under anaesthesia to remove necrotic tissue Calcium supplementation – IV, IO,IP, Oral. Surgical management Cage rest Euthanasia for severe cases Environment and husbandry changes Vitamin D Light source Balanced diet or supplement with Vit A 13 Thursday, 21 November 2024 ANATOMY REVISION BIRDS 14 Thursday, 21 November 2024 Respiratory diseases in birds Clinical signs/ presentation Feather plucking Stained feathers above nares Increased nasal discharge Irritation/ scratching/ rubbing head Dyspnoea Persistent conjunctivitis Sneezing Periocular oedema Blocked nasal passage (Rhinolith) *Remember birds are prey animals and are stoic. Don’t get tricked into thinking they are better. 16 Thursday, 21 November 2024 Differentials Respiratory diseases in birds Viral pneumonia (Paramyxovirus) Bacterial pneumonia (Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma) Aspergillosis Chlamydophila psittaci (spread via respiratory secretion, feather dander) *ZOONOTIC Air sac mite Hypovitaminosis A – causing metaplasia of mucous membrane Air sac mite (F) Air sac mite (M) 17 Thursday, 21 November 2024 Respiratory diseases in birds Diagnosis History (diet, environment, bedding, deworming status) Palpation, Auscultation Haematology and biochemistry Culture and sensitivity Radiography Ultrasound Endoscopy (to see, take samples and sometimes remove plaques) PCR ( detect Chlamydia in dropping or organs – PM) Thursday, 21 November 2024 18 Treatment Respiratory diseases in birds Fluid therapy (PO, SQ, IV, IO) Nebulisation (diluted F10) Analgesia Anti-parasitic drugs eg Ivermectin Antibiotics (eg; Doxycycline, Enrofloxacin) Antifungals (eg; Itraconazole) Bronchodilators- salbutamol Mucolytics- bromhexine Surgical removal of rhinoliths. Thursday, 21 November 2024 19 Clinical signs , DDX, Diagnosis MSK diseases in birds CS: Reluctant to move, swollen joints, inappetant, open wound Fractures - welfare implication of severe fractures Luxations – carpometacarpal Metabolic bone disease Diagnosis: Palpation Radiography Haematology and biochemistry Thursday, 21 November 2024 20 Treatment and Prognosis Reduce pain, inflammation – Analgesia, Anti inflammatory Hydration and loss of fluid - Fluid therapy , IV, IO, SC Immobilise limb, prevent further damage - Bandage and splint Antimicrobial therapy if open wound Supportive care – Tube/ crop feeding Surgical repair – internal, external, hybrid Cage rest Thursday, 21 November 2024 21 Respiratory disease in small mammals Clinical signs/ presentation - Nasal discharge - Dyspnoea - Sneezing - Crusty nasal area - Dirty FL - Poor body condition - Dull coat - Inappetant - Isolating themselves from the group - Porphyrin staining(rats) Thursday, 21 November 2024 22 Differential diagnosis Respiratory diseases in small mammals Infectious Bacterial pneumonia - Mycoplasma pulmonis – highly contagious *rats - Chronic infection – repeat episodes of bronchitis / pneumonia - Bordetella bronchiseptica *, Pasteurellosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumonia *BB- common in GP’s kept with rabbits who carry the pathogen asymptomatically Viral pneumonia o Canine distemper virus (ferrets) Fungal pneumonia - Aspergillosis - Pneumocytosis (Rats) Parasitic - Aelurostrongylus abstrusus – causes chronic coughing, Differential diagnosis Respiratory diseases in small mammals Non infectious – allergy , dusty environment, poor ventilation, high ammonia Neoplasia in older animals Secondary to dental disease Diagnostics Respiratory diseases in small mammals History (diet, environment, bedding, deworming status) Palpation, Auscultation Haematology and biochemistry Culture and sensitivity Radiography Endoscopy Ultrasound PCR – viral diseases Post mortem Thursday, 21 November 2024 25 Treatment principles similar to Fluid therapy (PO, SQ, IV, IO) other species…. Oxygen and nebulisation Analgesia Anti-inflammatories Mucolytics - Bromhexine Bronchodilators- Salbutamol Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines (*make sure safe to be given orally for hindgut fermenters) Prevention: Distemper vaccination for ferrets MSK in small mammals Trauma, fractures – principles similar to previously discussed. GP’s- hypovitaminosis C. lack the enzyme to produce and metabolise Vit C. Needed for collagen production. Clinical signs: - Distress when handling - Dull coat, hair loss - Swollen joints - Bleeding gums - Lame/ abnormal gait Thursday, 21 November 2024 27 MSK in small mammals Diagnostic workup Radiographs Bloods – anaemia, inflammatory markers elevated, CK, AST Treatment Supplementation with diet (Kale, Cabbage) High amounts of fruits not the best option (gut issues, also high sugar) Vit C (Oral and in water) Pain management (VERY IMPORTANT) Prognosis dependent on onset and severity. Consider welfare if severe Prevention GP diet – fortified with Vit C Supplementation THANK YOU. Thursday, 21 November 2024 29