154 Questions
Which factors are important in the occurrence of inflammatory, allergic, and tumor diseases of the bronchi and lungs?
Biological pathogens, chemical and physical agents, hereditary factors, and age characteristics
What is the main role of aerodynamic filtration in the respiratory system?
Mucocellular transport
Which cellular factor provides local protection to the respiratory system?
Alveolar macrophages
Which diseases are primarily caused by viruses and bacteria affecting the bronchi and lungs?
Bronchitis and pneumonia
What plays a significant role in the occurrence of inflammatory diseases of the bronchi and lungs?
Chemical and physical agents only
What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?
Reducing surface tension in the alveoli
Besides pathogenic factors, what also influences the occurrence of respiratory diseases?
Protective barriers of the respiratory system
Which examination method is crucial for diagnosing respiratory diseases involving the bronchi and lungs?
Bronchoalveolar lavage
What do biological pathogens primarily cause in the bronchi and lungs?
Pneumonia
What can lead to the development of destructive-ulcerative bronchitis?
Excessive mucus production by bronchial glands
Which pathological process involves thickening of the bronchial wall due to infiltration by immune cells?
Bronchiolitis
Which protective barrier is crucial for carrying out mucocellular transport in the bronchial tree?
Aerodynamic filtration
What is a common complication associated with acute bronchitis?
Bronchopneumonia
What do hereditary insufficiencies of protective barriers of the respiratory system primarily affect?
Mucocellular transport
Which type of pneumonia is characterized by exudate consisting of decaying neutrophils with fibrin threads and mucus?
Friedlander's pneumonia
What is a common route of development for bronchopneumonia?
Hematogenous spread
Which of the following can cause bronchopneumonia?
Streptococci
What can disrupt the drainage function of the bronchi in bronchopneumonia?
Swollen and full-blooded mucous membrane
Where do foci of inflammation typically occur in bronchopneumonia?
Lower segments of the lungs
What is a common cause of death in lobar pneumonia?
Heart failure
What leads to an abortive course and reduced complications in lobar pneumonia under modern treatment methods?
Antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs
What is the main process described in the resolution stage of croupous pneumonia?
Melting and resorption of fibrinous exudate
Which stage of pneumonia involves the accumulation of neutrophils, fibrin strands, and pneumococci in the alveoli?
Red hepatization
What is carnification in the context of croupous pneumonia?
Transformation into airless dense fleshy tissue
What is a common extrapulmonary complication observed with lymphogenous generalization in croupous pneumonia?
Pleural empyema
Which stage of pneumonia precedes the gray hepatization stage according to the text?
Red hepatization
What characterizes the lung tissue during red hepatization?
Dense with significant fibrinous deposits on the pleura
What happens when masses of fibrin in the alveoli undergo organization due to impaired fibrinolytic function of neutrophils?
Development of granulation tissue turning into fibrous connective tissue
What is the primary factor that contributes to the development of pneumonia?
Bronchial wall destruction
Which type of pneumonia is characterized by fibrinous exudate in the alveoli?
Lobar (croupous) pneumonia
What is a common risk factor for acute pneumonia apart from infection of the upper respiratory tract?
Alcohol
Which type of pneumonia is most commonly associated with primary localization in the lungs?
Parenchymal pneumonia
Which stage of croupous pneumonia is characterized by gray hepatization?
Gray hepatization
What causes lobar (croupous) pneumonia in rare cases?
Friedlander's diplobacillus
Which feature distinguishes secondary acute pneumonia from primary acute pneumonia?
Complication of many diseases
Which type of pneumonia is characterized by accumulations of exudate in alveoli with an admixture of mucus, neutrophils, macrophages, and desquamated alveolar epithelium?
Acinous bronchopneumonia
In newborns with pneumonia, what is the name given to the compacted fibrin structures that often form on the surface of alveoli?
Hyaline membranes
Which age group is likely to experience pneumonia localized mainly in the posterior parts of the lungs adjacent to the spine?
Children up to 1-2 years
Why do foci of pneumonia in children generally resolve more easily compared to people older than 50 years?
Good contractility of the lungs and drainage function of the bronchi
Which type of bronchopneumonia is caused by Staphylococcus aureus and tends to have a severe course?
Staphylococcal bronchopneumonia
In which lung segments is inflammation usually localized in Staphylococcal bronchopneumonia?
Segments IX and X
What type of inflammation develops around foci of necrosis in Staphylococcal bronchopneumonia?
Serous-hemorrhagic inflammation
Which age group experiences slower resorption of pneumonia foci due to age-related changes in the lymphatic system?
Elderly individuals over 70 years
What are hyaline membranes composed of in newborns with pneumonia?
Fibrin
What is the function that helps resolve foci of pneumonia more easily in children?
Good contractility of lungs and bronchial drainage function
What structural changes occur in the bronchial wall with prolonged bronchitis?
Atrophy of the muscle layer
What is a characteristic feature of polyposis chronic bronchitis?
Growth of granulation tissue bulging into the bronchus
What is a common outcome of delayed contents in the bronchi and bronchioles?
Development of bronchopulmonary complications
What happens when the connective tissue grows in the wall of the bronchus in chronic bronchitis?
Atrophy of the muscle layer
What is a consequence of cellular inflammatory infiltration in the wall of the bronchus?
Development of deforming chronic bronchitis
Which condition arises from the cellular infiltrates in the mucous membrane of the bronchi with chronic bronchitis?
Bronchiectasis
What contributes to the development of polyposis chronic bronchitis?
Growth of granulation tissue in the lumen of bronchi
What is a notable feature seen in saccular or cylindrical bronchiectasis with prolonged course of bronchitis?
Pronounced deformation of the bronchi
What structural transformation occurs with metaplasia of integumentary prismatic epithelium into stratified squamous?
Atrophy of muscle layer
How does granulation tissue affect the muscle layer in deforming chronic bronchitis?
Atrophy the muscle layer
What type of lung abscess is usually preceded by necrosis of inflamed lung tissue and results in the formation of an abscess cavity?
Suppurative lung abscess
Which mechanism of chronic nonspecific lung diseases is associated with the development of fibrous alveolitis or pneumonitis?
Pneumonitogenic mechanism
Which lung segment is acute lung abscess most commonly localized in?
II, VI, VIII, IX, X segments
What distinguishes bronchogenic lung abscesses from bronchopneumonia?
Presence of bronchiectasis
Which type of pneumonia can complicate pneumonia and lung abscess when putrefactive microorganisms are attached?
Gangrenous pneumonia
In what chronic nonspecific lung disease is a local character initially seen in infectious nature?
Chronic bronchitis
Which disease is represented by chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma among chronic nonspecific lung diseases?
Bronchial pneumonia
What pathological process involves moist necrosis in the lung tissue with a bad odor emitted?
Lung gangrene
What is a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis that leads to the development of bronchiectasis?
Impaired drainage function of the bronchi
What is the common outcome of acute lung abscess that takes a chronic course?
Results in secondary pulmonary hypertension
What is a common outcome of viral bronchopneumonias due to their disruption of the epithelial barrier?
Secondary bacterial infection
What is a life-threatening aspect of bronchopneumonia in terms of patient age?
Life-threatening in early childhood and old age
Which form of interstitial pneumonia is characterized by inflammation spreading to the interlobular septa and can lead to pleurogenic complications?
Interlobular pneumonia
In what scenario does peribronchial pneumonia typically manifest?
Complication of measles
What characteristic feature distinguishes interalveolar (interstitial) pneumonia from other interstitial pneumonias?
Morphological basis for interstitial lung diseases
What is a possible outcome of chronic interlobular pneumonia due to the appearance of fibrous connective tissue?
Atelectasis and bronchiectasis
What distinguishes interlobular pneumonia from peribronchial pneumonia in terms of inflammation spread?
Spread from lung tissue to visceral pleura
What is a characteristic feature of Streptococcal bronchopneumonia?
Formation of abscesses and bronchiectasis
What distinguishes Pneumococcal bronchopneumonia from other types?
Formation of necrotic foci closely associated with bronchioles
Which type of bronchopneumonia is most commonly caused by Candida fungi?
Fungal bronchopneumonia
What characterizes the exudate in cases of Viral bronchopneumonia?
Formation of basophilic inclusions in cell cytoplasm
What is a common feature of fungal bronchopneumonia caused by Candida fungi?
Decay in the center of foci with fungal filaments
What differentiates RNA-containing viruses from DNA-containing viruses in Viral bronchopneumonia?
Cells exfoliate and proliferate due to the virus
What is found at the periphery of pneumonia foci in Viral bronchopneumonia?
Zones of edema with many microbes
What distinguishes DNA-containing viruses' behavior inside cells in Viral bronchopneumonia?
Introduce into cell nuclei and cause desquamation without regeneration
What is a possible consequence of Staphylococcal bronchopneumonia?
Accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin strands in alveoli
Which type of pneumonia involves RNA and DNA viruses invading the respiratory tract epithelium?
Viral bronchopneumonia
What is the term used to describe a lung with a fine-meshed appearance resembling a honeycomb?
Bronchiectasis
Which enzyme deficiency is genetically determined and leads to insufficiency of elastic and collagen fibers in emphysema?
Elastase
What condition in emphysema leads to the mucous plug allowing air to enter the alveoli when inhaled but not allowing it to exit during exhalation?
Valve-like mechanism
What characterizes the lung tissue during the presence of panacinar emphysema?
Expansion of alveolar sacs
What is the outcome of the so-called valve-like mechanism activation in emphysema?
Alveolar cavity expansion
In chronic diffuse obstructive pulmonary emphysema, what is the primary cause of excess air in the lungs?
Genetically determined deficiency of serum antiproteases
What structural changes occur in the walls of the acinus during centroacinar emphysema?
Dilation of respiratory bronchioles
What happens to the interalveolar pores and capillaries in lungs affected by emphysema?
Capillary dilation and emptying
What is a common outcome of prolonged bronchiectasis besides the development of amyloidosis?
Hypoxia development
What is the primary pathological process that leads to the development of chronic diffuse obstructive pulmonary emphysema?
Elastase and collagenase activation
What is the histological sign of congenital bronchiectasis?
Disorderly arrangement of bronchial wall structural elements
How do acquired bronchiectasis usually form?
In areas of atelectasis
What leads to the formation of saccular bronchiectasis?
Increased intrabronchial pressure during coughing
Which condition leads to the development of cylindrical bronchiectasis?
Intrabronchial pressure changes
What distinguishes acquired bronchiectasis from congenital bronchiectasis?
'Active collapse' in the lungs
What causes the bulging of the bronchial wall in saccular bronchiectasis?
'Active collapse' during coughing
What contributes to the development of acquired bronchiectasis?
'Unresolved pneumonia' foci
How does intrabronchial pressure affect the formation of cylindrical bronchiectasis?
'Diffuse expansion' of the lumen
What distinguishes congenital from acquired bronchiectasis?
'Impaired formation' of bronchial tree
Why does acquired bronchiectasis develop in areas of unresolved pneumonia?
'Active collapse' due to obstruction
What is the main reason behind the development of hypertrophy of the right heart in chronic obstructive emphysema?
Collagen fibers growing in the interalveolar capillaries
What distinguishes chronic focal emphysema from perifocal emphysema?
Formation of bullous cavities
Which type of emphysema is typically observed as a result of the removal of part of a lung?
Vicarious emphysema
What distinguishes primary panacinar emphysema from senile emphysema?
Etiology
What characteristic feature differentiates interstitial emphysema from other types of emphysema?
Entry of air into interstitial tissue through alveoli ruptures
What is a common outcome of bullous emphysema located under the pleura?
'Smooth-walled cavities' resembling tuberculous cavities on fluoroscopy
Why does vicarious (compensatory) emphysema develop in one lung after the removal of part or all of another lung?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of remaining lung tissue elements
'Subcutaneous emphysema' is a characteristic feature associated with which type of emphysema?
'Interstitial' emphysema
'Hypertrophy of the structural elements' is a common feature observed in which type of emphysema?
'Vicarious' (compensatory) emphysema
What is the primary mechanism by which an attack of bronchial asthma develops?
Release of biologically active substances from effector cells
What is the main histological feature observed in the walls of the bronchi during an acute period of bronchial asthma?
Thickening and swelling of basement membranes
Which cell type is NOT typically found infiltrating the mucous membrane and submucosal layer during an acute attack of bronchial asthma?
Macrophages
What is a common outcome observed in the lung tissue during repeated attacks of bronchial asthma?
Thickening and hyalinosis of basement membranes
Which histological feature distinguishes chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema from chronic bronchitis?
Sclerosis of interalveolar septa
What distinguishes fibrosing (fibrous) alveolitis from other forms of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis?
Primarily idiopathic etiology
What is the main factor considered to cause bronchial asthma?
Exogenous allergens with a role of heredity
When does atopic bronchial asthma occur?
When the body is exposed to allergens of various origins through the respiratory tract
What characterizes infectious-allergic bronchial asthma?
Occurs in patients with acute or chronic bronchopulmonary diseases caused by infectious agents
What is the leading participation in the development of bronchial asthma?
Heredity and exogenous allergens
What distinguishes atopic bronchial asthma from infectious-allergic bronchial asthma?
The source of allergen exposure for each type of asthma
Which type of bronchial asthma occurs when exposed to allergens through the respiratory tract?
Infectious-allergic asthma
What is the main consequence of cellular infiltration in the alveolar interstitium?
Pneumofibrosis
Which condition is characterized by bronchial patency impairment due to allergic reaction in the bronchial tree?
Bronchial asthma
What is a common outcome of pneumofibrosis due to vascular sclerosis in the lung tissue?
Hypoxia of lung tissue
What process contributes to the development of panacinar emphysema and bronchiolectasis?
Honeycomb lung formation
What is the primary factor that activates the collagen-forming function of fibroblasts contributing to pneumofibrosis?
Hypoxia of lung tissue
Which form of bronchial asthma occurs when the body is exposed to allergens through the respiratory tract?
Atopic
What is the primary etiological factor of toxic fibrosing alveolitis?
Herbicides and mineral fertilizers
In fibrosing alveolitis, what immunopathological process involves damage to the capillaries of the lungs?
Immunocomplex damage
Which lung disease is characterized by a primary inflammatory process in the interalveolar pulmonary interstitium?
Fibrosing alveolitis
What is a characteristic feature of the pathological anatomy of fibrosing alveolitis during the stage of pneumonitis?
Lymphocytes and plasma cells in interstitium
Which lung disease is associated with Hamman-Rich syndrome, especially in its chronic forms?
Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis
What is a significant difference between exogenous allergic alveolitis and toxic fibrosing alveolitis in terms of etiology?
Contact with herbicides and mineral fertilizers
What is the primary pathological process associated with fibrosing alveolitis?
Immunocomplex damage to alveoli
In the context of fibrosing alveolitis, what represents the third stage of morphological changes in the lungs?
Honeycomb lung formation
What is a common etiological factor of exogenous allergic alveolitis?
Dust containing antigens of animal and plant origin
Which condition is considered a manifestation of fibrosing alveolitis in systemic connective tissue diseases?
Hamman-Rich disease
What process can occur in the interstitium and vessel walls during granulomatous alveolitis?
Immunocomplex damage
Which phase in the lung biopsy findings indicates an increasing infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages?
Alveolitis
What leads to the release of biologically active substances from effector cells in response to the antigen-antibody complex?
Histamine, serotonin, kinins, and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
What is the main cellular infiltrate found in the bronchial mucosa during an acute attack of bronchial asthma?
Mastocytes and basophils
What is a characteristic feature of chronic bronchial asthma that contributes to obstructing the airways?
Thickening and hyalinosis of the basement membrane
What is a common feature associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema?
Desolation of the capillary bed
What is a characteristic change seen in the lung tissue during an acute attack of bronchial asthma?
Edema of mucous membrane
Which immunohistochemical study finding is associated with allergic inflammation in the bronchi?
Luminescence of IgE on infiltrating cells
What is a characteristic feature of the stage of disorganization of alveolar structures and pneumofibrosis?
Deep damage to alveolar structures
What is the consequence of pneumofibrosis due to vascular sclerosis in the lung tissue?
Reduction of the capillary bed
What pathology is associated with the formation of cysts with fibrous-altered walls in place of alveoli?
Bronchiectasis
What condition typically results from the progression of pneumofibrosis in the lung tissue?
Development of obstructive focal emphysema
Which process contributes to the development of panacinar emphysema at the stage of honeycomb lung?
Bronchiolectasis
What is a common outcome of hypertension in the pulmonary circulation?
Development of cor pulmonale
What key change occurs in the lung tissue leading to the development of pneumocirrhosis?
Destruction and reparation of lung tissue
Study Notes
Bronchiectasis
- Expansion of the bronchi in a cylindrical or bag-like form, which can be congenital or acquired
- Congenital bronchiectasis is relatively rare (2-3% of COPD cases) and develops due to impaired formation of the bronchial tree
- Histological sign of congenital bronchiectasis is a disorderly arrangement of the structural elements of the bronchi in their wall
- Acquired bronchiectasis is a consequence of chronic bronchitis
- Forms of bronchiectasis:
- Saccular bronchiectasis: expansion of the bronchial lumen in the direction of least resistance
- Cylindrical bronchiectasis: diffuse expansion of the bronchial lumen
- Bronchiolectasis: inflammation of bronchioles
Emphysema
- Enlargement of airspaces in the lung, which can be classified into different types:
- Chronic focal emphysema: develops around old tuberculous foci, post-infarction scars
- Vicarious emphysema: develops in one lung after removal of part of it or another lung
- Primary (idiopathic) panacinar emphysema: rare, etiology unknown
- Senile emphysema: age-related, considered obstructive
- Interstitial emphysema: air enters interstitial tissue of the lung through ruptures of the alveoli
Fibrosing Alveolitis
- A heterogeneous group of lung diseases characterized by primary inflammatory process in the interalveolar pulmonary interstitium
- Types of fibrosing alveolitis:
- Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis (Hamman-Rich disease)
- Exogenous allergic alveolitis (e.g. farmer's lung, pigeon breeder's lung)
- Toxic fibrosing alveolitis (associated with exposure to herbicides, mineral fertilizers, etc.)
- Pathogenesis: immunopathological processes, including immunocomplex damage to capillaries and cellular immune cytolysis
- Pathological anatomy: three stages of morphological changes in the lungs, including alveolitis, disorganization of alveolar structures and pneumofibrosis, and formation of a honeycomb lung
Respiratory Diseases
- Various clinical and morphological manifestations, including bronchitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
- Etiological factors: biological pathogens (viruses, bacteria), chemical and physical agents, hereditary factors, and age characteristics
- Protective barriers of the respiratory system:
- Aerodynamic filtration
- Humoral factors (secretory immunoglobulins, complement system, etc.)
- Cellular factors (alveolar macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, etc.)
- Methods for diagnosing respiratory diseases:
- Cytological and bacterioscopic examination of sputum
- Bronchoalveolar lavage
- Biopsy of the bronchi and lungs### Pleuropneumonia
- Caused by Friedlander's stick (Friedlander's pneumonia)
- Affects part of the lobe of the lung, often the upper one
- Exudate consists of decaying neutrophils with an admixture of fibrin threads, mucus, and looks like a viscous mucous mass
- Foci of necrosis appear in areas of inflammation, and abscesses form in their place
Bronchopneumonia
- Inflammation of the lungs, which develops in connection with bronchitis or bronchiolitis (bronchoalveolitis)
- Focal character, can be a morphological manifestation of both primary and secondary acute pneumonia
- Etiology: various microbial agents, chemical and physical factors
- Pathogenesis: associated with acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis, inflammation often spreads to the lung tissue intrabronchially or peribronchially
Pathological Anatomy of Bronchopneumonia
- Morphological changes: acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis, represented by various forms of catarrhal inflammation (serous, mucous, purulent, mixed)
- Mucous membrane becomes full-blooded and swollen, production of mucus by the glands and goblet cells increases sharply
- Integumentary prismatic epithelium of the mucous membrane is exfoliated, which leads to damage to the mucociliary mechanism of purification of the bronchial tree
- Walls of the bronchi and bronchioles thicken due to edema and cellular infiltration
Foci of Inflammation in Bronchopneumonia
- Usually occur in the posterior and posterior-lower segments of the lungs (II, VI, VIII, IX, X)
- Dense, gray-red on the cut
- Increase in capillary permeability, beginning of diapedesis of erythrocytes into the lumen of the alveoli
- Lung is somewhat compacted, sharply plethoric
Stages of Bronchopneumonia
- Stage of red hepatization (2nd day of illness)
- Stage of gray hepatization (4-6th day of illness)
- Resolution stage (9-11th day of illness)
Complications of Lobar Pneumonia
- Pulmonary complications: impaired fibrinolytic function of neutrophils, development of abscess and gangrene of the lung
- Extrapulmonary complications: generalization of infection, lymphogenous and hematogenous spread
Acute Bronchitis and Bronchopneumonia
- Depend on the depth of damage to the bronchial wall
- Serous and mucous bronchial catarrhs are easily reversible
- Bronchial wall destruction (purulent catarrh, destructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis) contributes to the development of pneumonia
Acute Pneumonia
- Etiology: diverse, but more often infectious agents
- Risk factors: infection, obstruction of the bronchial tree, immunodeficiencies, alcohol, smoking, and inhalation of toxic substances
- Primary acute pneumonia: independent disease or manifestation of another disease with nosological specifics
- Secondary acute pneumonia: complication of many diseases
Lobar Pneumonia
- Acute infectious-allergic disease, affecting one or more lobes of the lung
- Fibrinous exudate appears in the alveoli, and fibrinous overlays appear on the pleura
- Causative agents: pneumococci types I, II, III, and IV, Friedlander's diplobacillus
- Pathogenesis: autoinfection, sensitization of the body with pneumococci, and resolving factors
Bronchopneumonia in Different Age Periods
-
In newborns: hyaline membranes, consisting of compacted fibrin, often form on the surface of the alveoli
-
In weakened children: foci of inflammation are localized mainly in the posterior parts of the lungs
-
In people older than 50 years: age-related reduction of the lymphatic system, resorption of foci of inflammation occurs slowly### Viral Bronchopneumonias
-
Rarely exist in their pure form, as they disrupt the epithelial barrier, leading to secondary bacterial infection
-
Complications depend on etiology, age, and general condition of the patient
-
Pneumonia foci may be carnified or suppurated with abscess formation, leading to pleurisy or purulent pleurisy
-
Especially life-threatening in early childhood and old age
Interstitial Pneumonia
- Characterized by inflammatory process in interstitial tissue (stroma) of the lung
- Can be a characteristic morphological manifestation of diseases (e.g., respiratory viral infections) or a complication of inflammatory processes in the lungs
- Three forms of interstitial pneumonia:
- Peribronchial: inflammatory process starts in the wall of bronchus, passes to peribronchial tissue, and extends to adjacent interalveolar septa
- Interlobular: inflammation spreads to interlobular septa, leading to thickening of the septa, and sometimes, a "stratification" of the lung into lobules
- Interstitial: characterized by inflammatory process in the interalveolar septa
Acute Destructive Processes in the Lungs
- Include abscess and gangrene of the lung
- Streptococcal bronchopneumonia: characterized by formation of foci closely associated with bronchioles, with neutrophils and fibrin in the exudate
- Pneumococcal bronchopneumonia: characterized by formation of foci closely associated with bronchioles, with neutrophils and fibrin in the exudate
- Fungal bronchopneumonia (pneumomycosis): caused by various fungi, with foci of different sizes, dense, grayish-pink in section
Chronic Bronchopulmonary Diseases
- Emphysema: characterized by chronic diffuse obstructive pulmonary emphysema
- Bronchiectasis: characterized by chronic inflammatory changes in the walls of bronchi, with purulent content in the cavity
- Emphysema: caused by excess air in the lungs, leading to an increase in their size
- Three types of emphysema:
- Chronic diffuse obstructive
- Chronic focal (perifocal, cicatricial)
- Vicarious (compensatory)
Bronchial Asthma
- Characterized by attacks of expiratory shortness of breath caused by an allergic reaction in the bronchial tree
- Etiology:
- Infectious diseases, especially of the upper respiratory tract
- Allergic rhinosinusitis
- Environmental influences
- Exposure to substances suspended in the air
- Psychogenic factors
- Classification:
- Atopic bronchial asthma
- Infectious-allergic bronchial asthma
Pneumofibrosis
- Characterized by growth of connective tissue in the lung
- Develops in areas of carnification of unresolved pneumonia, along the outflow of lymph from foci of inflammation
- Leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart (cor pulmonale) and cardiac decompensation
Chronic Abscess
- Develops from an acute abscess and is localized in the II, VI, IX, and X segments of the right or left lung
- Structure of the wall of a chronic lung abscess does not differ from a chronic abscess of another localization
Chronic Pneumonia
- Characterized by a combination of areas of carnification and fibrosis, with cavities and bronchiectasis
- One of the features of chronic pneumonia is an unusual tendency to exacerbations, lymphatic vessels, and the presence of bronchiectasis and foci of suppuration
Learn about the variety of clinical and morphological manifestations of diseases affecting the respiratory organs, including factors such as etiology, age characteristics, and lung structure. Understand the role of biological pathogens like viruses and bacteria in causing inflammation in the bronchi and lungs.
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