infectious skin diseases
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infectious skin diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary bacterial organism associated with impetigo?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Staphylococcus organisms (correct)
  • Escherichia coli
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    • Which of the following clinical features is characteristic of impetigo?

  • Severe erythema and pruritus
  • Painful lesions with exudate
  • Erosive lesions on the ventral neck
  • Nonfollicular pustules containing neutrophils (correct)

    • What should be done if impetigo lesions do not resolve with topical therapy?

  • Administer appropriate systemic antibiotics (correct)
  • Wait for spontaneous resolution
  • Increase frequency of antibacterial shampoo
  • Administer topical steroids

    • Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for impetigo?

    <p>Bacterial colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the body is most commonly affected by impetigo?

    <p>Inguinal and axillary skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should affected areas be cleaned when treating impetigo?

    <p>Every 24 to 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for a dog diagnosed with impetigo?

    <p>Good; with prompt treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are found in impetigo?

    <p>Small nonfollicular pustules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial dosage of medication for dogs greater than 10 kg?

    <p>500 mg of each drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may be mistakenly ruled out due to its similar symptoms?

    <p>Bacterial pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following clinical resolution, how should cyclosporine be adjusted?

    <p>Tapered to the lowest effective dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature in the development of interdigital bullae?

    <p>Ingrown hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional treatment may help reduce the dosage of cyclosporine?

    <p>Ketoconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage of doxycycline suggested for administration until a response occurs?

    <p>10 mg/kg every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying disease may worsen the severity and recurrence of lesions?

    <p>Atopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is typically observed in cytology during diagnosis?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for the onset of postgrooming furunculosis after exposure to grooming products or water immersion?

    <p>Within days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is NOT commonly associated with postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>Chronic itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration systemic antibiotics are recommended to be administered for treating postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>6–8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common isolate identified in postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation should a bacterial culture and susceptibility testing be performed during treatment of postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>If lesions do not resolve during antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach if antibiotic resistance is suspected during the treatment of postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>Administer two different classes of antibiotics simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a differential diagnosis for postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>Bacterial vaginosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution is suggested for daily warm water soaks or whirlpool baths to assist with postgrooming furunculosis?

    <p>Chlorhexidine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary viral pathogen associated with nasal pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Bacterial cellulitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic treatment in nasal pyoderma?

    <p>3-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of skin lesions are characteristic of nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Papules and crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is suggested to manage the crusts associated with nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Gentle, topical chlorhexidine soaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about treatment prognosis for nasal pyoderma is accurate?

    <p>Scarring may be a permanent sequelae in some cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed demonstrates a higher incidence of nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Doberman Pinschers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key clinical features of nasal pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Painful lesions on the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of subcutaneous abscesses in cats and dogs?

    <p>Inoculation of oral bacteria into the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Frequent sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method can help clarify the mixed bacterial population in an abscess?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site for the development of subcutaneous abscesses in animals?

    <p>Tail base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Clipping, lancing, and cleaning with chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which demographic is the occurrence of subcutaneous abscesses most common?

    <p>Intact male cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should ruptured lesions not be treated by internal rupture?

    <p>It can exacerbate cellulitis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can mimic the appearance of subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Neoplasia and foreign body reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is recommended for obtaining deep nodules for culture?

    <p>Elliptical wedge biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is discouraged as a first-line treatment due to its classification?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when the dog exhibits severe pruritus during the treatment of pyoderma?

    <p>Consider using oclacitinib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to determine clindamycin susceptibility in staphylococci that are resistant to erythromycin?

    <p>A D-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the use of topical mupirocin ointment discouraged in canine MRS pyoderma?

    <p>It can alter the clinical picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured near the end of the treatment schedule for pyoderma?

    <p>Reexamination to check clinical resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topical product is noted for its potential non-antibacterial benefits in treating pyoderma?

    <p>Ceramide creams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For cultures of the skin under adherent crusts, what method should be utilized?

    <p>Surface swabbing with a culturette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common underlying factor that may predispose dogs to develop impetigo?

    <p>Poor nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with the lesions found in impetigo?

    <p>Chronic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate treatment if impetigo lesions are few in number?

    <p>Use topical mupirocin or neomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is predominantly indicated in the culture results for impetigo?

    <p>Staphylococcus organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is crucial for the effective management of impetigo?

    <p>Cleaning affected areas every 24 to 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a probable outcome if predisposing factors for impetigo are not addressed?

    <p>There may be a recurrence of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of impetigo, how long should topical antibiotics be applied for optimal results?

    <p>7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is a differential diagnosis for impetigo?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common underlying cause of superficial pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Endocrine diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytological findings would you expect in a case of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Neutrophils and bacterial cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skin lesions are characteristic of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Papules, pustules, and epidermal collarettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method would provide more specific information for a case of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Dermatohistopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the presentation of superficial pyoderma in dogs is accurate?

    <p>Dogs may show ‘moth-eaten’ patchy alopecia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be mistaken for superficial pyoderma due to similar clinical presentation?

    <p>Scabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis for superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to rule out other conditions when diagnosing superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Skin scrape for ectoparasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended treatment strategy to prevent antibiotic resistance in superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Use multiple antibiotics simultaneously at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to be a risk factor for the development of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Regular bathing with medicated shampoos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas are recommended for culturing patients to screen for multidrug-resistant staphylococci?

    <p>Nose, lips, ears, axilla, and perianal areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional precaution should be taken when dogs visit older or sick individuals to prevent zoonosis?

    <p>Conduct screenings for drug-resistant infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic finding is typical of pyoderma in short-coated dog breeds?

    <p>Moth-eaten texture of the hair coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of practicing good hygiene, such as hand washing, in the context of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>It prevents the spread of resistant infections to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be maximized when administering antibiotics in treating superficial pyoderma?

    <p>The dose of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may become a significant problem in certain regions of the United States in relation to pyoderma?

    <p>Emerging multidrug resistance (MRS, MRSS, MRSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT commonly associated with deep pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Excessive fur growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is essential for veterinarians to manage the risk of zoonosis in immunocompromised individuals?

    <p>Aggressive assessment and culture of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle should be followed when dealing with MRS cases in pets?

    <p>Practicing good infection control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor increases the likelihood of methicillin resistance in canine bacteria?

    <p>Use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be associated with a septic animal suffering from deep pyoderma?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of MRS, which statement about transmission is accurate?

    <p>Transmission often occurs from humans to pets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical preventive measure for families with immunocompromised individuals and a pet diagnosed with MRS?

    <p>Keeping wounds covered and protecting personal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important observation during the examination of a pet with deep pyoderma?

    <p>Painful or pruritic lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient history is commonly associated with deep pyoderma?

    <p>Chronic superficial skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical primary pathogen associated with deep pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of bacteria is commonly isolated from mixed infections in deep pyoderma?

    <p>Mixed gram-positive and gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is critical in the management of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Identifying and correcting any underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what demographic is deep pyoderma most commonly observed?

    <p>Adult dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of S. pseudintermedius in the context of pyoderma?

    <p>It is a primary pathogen in canine pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional treatment consideration is important due to MRSP?

    <p>It poses a potential zoonotic risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of lesions observed in superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Focal crusting and severe erythema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucocutaneous pyoderma is most commonly characterized by which type of lesion?

    <p>Erythema, crusting, and depigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal breed could potentially be predisposed to developing mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>German Shepherd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a treatment step for mild to moderate mucocutaneous pyoderma lesions?

    <p>Clipping and cleaning affected areas with a specific shampoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of lesions associated with mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Exudative, eroded areas that may be painful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates mucocutaneous pyoderma from superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Location of lesions on mucocutaneous junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For severe lesions of mucocutaneous pyoderma, what is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic treatment?

    <p>3 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments can help maintain remission of mucocutaneous pyoderma when regularly applied?

    <p>Topical antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect influencing the prognosis for a dog with mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Identification and control of underlying primary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition may contribute to the development of bacterial pododermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Underlying allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is commonly seen in bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Alopecia and erythema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of pedal furunculosis in dogs?

    <p>Retained foreign body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are associated with severe cases of bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Crusting ulcers and drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is likely to exacerbate bacterial infections in the interdigital space of dogs?

    <p>Moist conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a bacterial infection in the interdigital space from yeast dermatitis?

    <p>Type of microorganism involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign might a veterinarian observe when inspecting a dog with bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Interdigital erythema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can worsen a dog's bacterial pododermatitis due to self-trauma?

    <p>Licking and chewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition shares clinical features similar to nasal pyoderma but has lesions on the nasal planum?

    <p>Eosinophilic furunculosis of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogen often involved in nasal pyoderma cases in dogs?

    <p>Staphylococcus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of nasal pyoderma, what is the suggested method for cleaning affected areas?

    <p>Warm water soaks with chlorhexidine shampoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration in the prognosis for dogs treated for nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Scarring may be a permanent sequela</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common clinical signs you'd expect to see in nasal pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Erythematous papular rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the lesions associated with nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Papules, pustules, and ulcerative fistulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may also present with crusting and alopecia on the nose but is unrelated to bacterial infections?

    <p>Dermatomyositis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for administering systemic antibiotics in cats with nasal pyoderma?

    <p>3-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of rupturing a lesion internally in the context of pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Worsening cellulitis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal demographic is particularly prone to developing subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Intact male cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the diagnosis of subcutaneous abscesses, which method can clarify the presence of a mixed bacterial population?

    <p>PCR analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for administering systemic antibiotics for treating a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classic clinical sign of a subcutaneous abscess in cats and dogs?

    <p>Localized, painful swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is often associated with subcutaneous abscesses in animals?

    <p>Decreased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions should be considered as a differential diagnosis for subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of correctly cleaning an abscess with a chlorhexidine solution?

    <p>It reduces bacterial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is recommended for obtaining deep nodules for culture?

    <p>Elliptical wedge biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When treating pyoderma, why is the use of glucocorticoids discouraged?

    <p>They complicate the clinical picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to determine clindamycin susceptibility in resistant staphylococci?

    <p>A D-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should topical mupirocin ointment be avoided in canine MRS pyoderma?

    <p>It can lead to resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when swabbing cultured skin under adherent crusts?

    <p>Notify the reference laboratory about culture type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topical formulations are noted for having a longer treatment effect?

    <p>Non-rinsed topical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended when a dog exhibits severe pruritus during pyoderma treatment?

    <p>Use oclacitinib for a short period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding topical ceramide creams in relation to pyoderma treatment?

    <p>They assist with skin barrier function improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trigger for the development of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Self-inflicted trauma due to pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach when treating severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Short-term steroids or oclacitinib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can exacerbate the occurrence of pyotraumatic dermatitis in pets?

    <p>Hot and humid weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential part of the management strategy for pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Regular cleaning of the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should systemic antibiotic therapy typically continue in cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis with secondary infection?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is commonly observed in pyotraumatic dermatitis lesions?

    <p>Well-demarcated margins with erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is generally prescribed to address inflammation in pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Short-term corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured for optimal recovery in cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Distraction from licking the lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for selecting antibiotics based on in vitro sensitivity results?

    <p>Resistance to antibiotics is common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an appropriate adjunctive therapy for treating skin conditions?

    <p>Daily foot soaks in 0.4% povidone–iodine solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is suggested for removing ingrown hairs in interdigital bullae treatments?

    <p>Surgical removal with a biopsy punch or laser.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cleansing wipes in dermatological care?

    <p>To assist in removing debris and bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant legal and ethical concern related to MRSP?

    <p>It poses a potential zoonotic threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is suggested for topical applications when managing lesions in animals?

    <p>10 mg/mL dimethyl sulfoxide combined with enrofloxacin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is commonly associated with mixed bacterial infections in dermatological conditions?

    <p>Staphylococcus species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the frequency of applying topical treatments for lesions until resolution?

    <p>Every 12 to 72 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is skin fold dermatitis primarily classified as?

    <p>Bacterial surface skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for dogs that are overweight to help manage skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Initiate a weight reduction program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic treatment is typically recommended for moderate to severe chin pyoderma?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogen often involved in skin infections like chin pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of treating mild lesions in chin pyoderma?

    <p>Mechanical scrubbing in the direction of hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after the initial resolution of lesions in chin pyoderma?

    <p>Continue applying topical treatments every 3 to 7 days as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT recommended for cleaning the area affected by skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Bleach solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can complicate the clinical picture in chin pyoderma?

    <p>Presence of systemic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial steroid dosage for treating canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>2 to 4 mg/kg every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done once lesions from pedal furunculosis have resolved?

    <p>The steroid dose should be gradually tapered to a lower dose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common secondary complication of canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factors may contribute to the onset of furunculosis in dogs?

    <p>Friction in short-coated breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for significant improvement after starting steroid treatment for pedal furunculosis?

    <p>1 to 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis is associated with canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Pyo-granulomatous dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs diagnosed with pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Good to fair with proper management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured about the furunculosis's initiating cause during treatment?

    <p>It is corrected to prevent further occurrences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical treatment approach for surface pyoderma?

    <p>Topical therapy focused on removal of bacteria and excessive sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical features is NOT typically observed in superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment recommendation for clinical entities like impetigo?

    <p>Topical therapy as a sole treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic lesion associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Crusts and erosions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended maintenance therapy after controlled superficial bacterial infections?

    <p>Topical applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the depth of infection characterized by papules and pustules?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is screening for MRS in clinically healthy pets considered necessary?

    <p>Only when specific human health implications exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topical treatment options is noted to be effective for managing pyoderma?

    <p>Antibacterial shampoos with chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reason for the development of canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Immune-mediated inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is appropriate for solitary lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Surgical excision or laser ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should cleansing wipes be applied to manage lesions effectively?

    <p>Every 12 to 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the resolution of lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Lesions may resolve spontaneously or wax and wane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Secondary bacterial and yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances might be combined for topical treatment of developing bullae?

    <p>DMSO and enrofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the exudates from lesions in canine pedal furunculosis typically characterized as?

    <p>Serosanguineous or purulent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected response time for treatment initiation to show benefits in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Within 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to ensure before treating canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Identification and correction of the initiating cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended steroid dosage for canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>2-4 mg/kg PO every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of conducting microbial cultures in biopsy specimens for diagnosing pedal furunculosis?

    <p>To ensure the absence of secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after significant improvement is observed in canine pedal furunculosis treatment?

    <p>Gradually taper the steroid dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of secondary infections associated with pedal furunculosis?

    <p>They require aggressive treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur in chronic cases of canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Permanent interdigital fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative result from microbial cultures suggest in the context of pedal furunculosis?

    <p>There may be no underlying infectious cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take to see significant improvement after starting treatment for pedal furunculosis?

    <p>1 to 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended treatment method for mild lesions associated with chin pyoderma?

    <p>Scrub the area with a cleansing agent in the direction of hair growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is commonly the primary pathogen in chin pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional intervention is required for moderate to severe lesions of chin pyoderma?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics should be administered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effective method for managing skin fold dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Using cleansing wipes every 12 to 72 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration to prevent future lesions when treating chin pyoderma?

    <p>Removing any ingrown hairs to minimize irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason lancing a subcutaneous abscess is recommended?

    <p>To relieve pressure and promote drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Involvement of facial and lip folds of certain breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common location for subcutaneous abscesses in animals?

    <p>Chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is suggested to ensure effective treatment of a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Clipping and cleaning with a mild antiseptic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does weight management play in treating skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Initiating a weight reduction program is essential for obese dogs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical frequency for applying mupirocin ointment for chin pyoderma?

    <p>Every 24 hours until lesions resolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is primarily seen in cytology from a subcutaneous abscess diagnosis?

    <p>Suppurative inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diagnostic method can be used to clarify bacterial types in infected lesions?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common systemic effect observed in animals with subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Febrile response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation is a primary differentiating factor when diagnosing a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Presence of a foreign body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the typical drainage from a ruptured subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Purulent material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location for pyotraumatic dermatitis lesions to occur?

    <p>Lateral thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is specifically advised to be avoided in managing pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Alcohol-containing products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the lesions observed in pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Moist, erosive lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a common cause of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Skin tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method is primarily used to evaluate the inflammation associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Cytology via impression smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments should be implemented if pruritus is deemed mild?

    <p>Corticosteroid-containing topical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach if multiple lesions are observed in a patient suspected of having pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Identify and treat the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following specific types of bacteria is likely observed in cytology when diagnosing pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Mixed bacterial populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for administering appropriate antibiotics or antifungal medications if draining lesions become secondarily infected?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method may be curative for solitary lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Surgical excision or laser ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is characteristic of canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Single to multiple erythematous papules or nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended procedure for preventing the recurrence of pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Wiping the feet in the direction of hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated for developing bullae in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Topical enrofloxacin and dexamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for preventing new interdigital bullae in dogs?

    <p>Daily scrubbing of the interdigital space in the direction of hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying condition may contribute to the recurrence of bacterial pododermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Hyperadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions can develop in canine pedal furunculosis with chronicity?

    <p>Fibrotic lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a radical surgical option available for severe cases of pododermatitis?

    <p>Fusion podoplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Secondary bacterial and yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible hypothesis for the etiology of sterile pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Immune-mediated response to keratin and triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of interdigital bullae in short-coated dog breeds?

    <p>Easily rupturable fluid-filled sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition contributes to foot trauma in dogs?

    <p>Leash walking in rough outdoor surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a potential cause of secondary bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Inadequate nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential consequences if underlying causes of pododermatitis are not addressed?

    <p>Permanent fibrosis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional condition may accompany interdigital bullae in affected dogs?

    <p>Chin pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary bacterial organism typically isolated from canine deep pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skin condition typically precedes the development of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Superficial skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is essential to manage when treating deep pyoderma?

    <p>Identification and correction of underlying causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin lesion characteristic is typically associated with folliculitis in dogs with allergic reactions?

    <p>Papular rash with epidermal collarettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when diagnosing deep pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>It is associated with predisposing factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding MRSP in veterinary medicine?

    <p>It poses a potential zoonosis threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly observed in cases of superficial pyoderma due to secondary infection?

    <p>Comedones and pustules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key indication of a chronic and recurrent bacterial infection in cases of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Severe crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of subcutaneous abscesses in cats and dogs?

    <p>Inoculation of normal oral bacterial microflorae into the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is commonly observed in animals with subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Localized painful swelling with a crusted puncture wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic technique is least likely to be helpful in diagnosing a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Blood serology tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the first step in treating a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Lancing and cleaning the abscess with chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regional lymphadenomegaly is commonly associated with which condition?

    <p>Subcutaneous abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of rupturing a lesion internally related to pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Increased risk of secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which demographic is the occurrence of subcutaneous abscesses most frequently observed?

    <p>Intact male cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason that a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis might be advantageous for diagnosing subcutaneous abscesses?

    <p>It can clarify mixed bacterial populations present in the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for ensuring good infection control practices in cases of pyoderma?

    <p>To minimize the risk of spreading MRSP to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is emerging as a common isolate in chronic canine pyoderma cases?

    <p>Staphylococcus schleiferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (human MRS), what action is advised when assessing risks in veterinary patients?

    <p>Assess the risk for zoonosis and contagion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be taken into account when determining if a patient is at risk of infection from MRSP?

    <p>Previous antibiotic exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential complication arises from secondary bacterial infection associated with endocrine disease in dogs?

    <p>Mimicking allergic skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise if subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics are utilized?

    <p>Development of antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about pruritus in long-coated dogs with skin issues?

    <p>It can vary significantly in intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious concern regarding MRSP in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Potential zoonosis and legal issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration for managing the hygiene of both the affected pet and the household members?

    <p>Use regular laundry detergent for bedding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a pet is receiving topical treatments for skin infections?

    <p>Completely finish the topical treatments as prescribed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices should Pet Owners avoid to prevent the spread of infections?

    <p>Allowing the affected pet to serve as a therapy animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an advisable hygienic recommendation for handling an affected pet?

    <p>Use hand sanitizer only when there are visible wounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do underlying medical or surgical conditions play in managing bacterial infections in pets?

    <p>They must be managed for ultimate infection resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be done to prevent the potential transmission of infections through the affected pet?

    <p>Allow the affected pet to lick human wounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing methicillin-resistant infections, which of the following practices is emphasized for pet owners?

    <p>Follow-up examinations should be scheduled after completing antibiotic prescriptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is recommended when treating the affected pet's wounds?

    <p>Always wash hands or use alcohol-based sanitizers after handling the pet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is often used to determine the bacterial composition in an abscess?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common consequence of rupturing a lesion internally in an abscess?

    <p>Worsening of cellulitis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typically associated with subcutaneous abscesses in animals?

    <p>Localized painful swelling or abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best initial treatment approach for a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Clipping, lancing, and cleaning with chlorhexidine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding may indicate a systemic response to a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Lack of appetite (anorexia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common differential diagnosis for a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Actinomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition can complicate the diagnosis of a subcutaneous abscess?

    <p>Presence of neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are subcutaneous abscesses most commonly located on animals?

    <p>Tail base, shoulder, neck, face, or leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assumed if lesions do not respond to antibiotic therapy?

    <p>Antibiotic resistance is likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach to managing antibiotic-resistant infections?

    <p>Combine two different classes of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is important for determining the effectiveness of treatment for pyoderma?

    <p>Monitoring infection with cytology and cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can exacerbate antibiotic-resistant skin infections?

    <p>Inability to control the primary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key indicator suggests that the organism causing pyoderma may be antibiotic-resistant?

    <p>Persistent lesions despite high-dose therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for improving prognosis in cases of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Identifying and correcting the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate a skin infection is prevalent in a bacterial community resistant to multiple drugs?

    <p>Appearance of a papular rash despite therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the possible development of antibiotic resistance in pyoderma patients?

    <p>Sporadic antibiotic compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogen usually associated with nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a differential diagnosis for nasal pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Demodicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is advised for the treatment of crusting associated with nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Daily warm water soaks with chlorhexidine shampoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing nasal pyoderma, how long should systemic antibiotics be administered?

    <p>3-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome may occur in some dogs after treatment for nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Permanent scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical feature seen in nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Crusting and ulcerative fistulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the occurrence of nasal pyoderma in cats?

    <p>It is uncommon in dogs but rare in cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial step is essential in the treatment of nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Gentle topical therapy to clean the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that contributes to the development of pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Presence of fleas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for managing severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Topical corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a pet displays skin lesions after contact with an infected animal?

    <p>Consult with a personal physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Rapidly developing surface bacterial skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important component of managing pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Identifying and controlling the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In severe cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis, systemic antibiotic therapy should be continued for how long?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential zoonotic concern associated with MRSP?

    <p>Becoming a serious medical and ethical issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for applying topical treatments for pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Every 8 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is more prone to developing pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Thick-coated, long-haired breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is suggested to prevent recurrence of interdigital bullae?

    <p>Scrubbing in the direction of hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adjunctive therapies might be beneficial for managing surgical wounds from bullae?

    <p>Antimicrobial wipes applied every 12 to 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is suggested for the management of ruptured hair follicles and ingrown hairs?

    <p>Surgical removal using a biopsy punch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when treating canine MRS pyoderma due to its possible impact on clinical evaluation?

    <p>Topical glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution is recommended for daily foot soaks to assist in the management of interdigital infections?

    <p>0.4% povidone-iodine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a D-test in the context of antibiotic susceptibility?

    <p>To assess clindamycin susceptibility in erythromycin-resistant staphylococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the character of inflammation typically seen in the dermatopathology of furunculosis?

    <p>Suppurative to pyogranulomatous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is recommended for culture collection from deep nodules?

    <p>Aseptic elliptical wedge biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might intralesional bacteria be difficult to find during diagnosis?

    <p>Presence of mixed infections obscuring results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment method should be considered if a dog is severely pruritic instead of using glucocorticoids?

    <p>Oclacitinib therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pyoderma treatment, what is true about topical formulations that are not rinsed off?

    <p>They remain active for a longer duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are topical applications of DMSO and steroids recommended during the management of lesions?

    <p>Every 12 to 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotics are categorized as last resort treatments and should not be first-line options for patients?

    <p>Teicoplanin and vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When acquiring cultures from the skin beneath adherent crusts, what is the correct procedure?

    <p>Swab with a culturette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured near the completion of a pyoderma treatment schedule?

    <p>Reexamination to confirm clinical resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate action to take if lesions recur within 7 days of antibiotic discontinuation?

    <p>Reinstitute antibiotics for a longer duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals is at the highest risk for zoonotic transmission from affected pets?

    <p>Immunosuppressed individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concurrent bathing with antibacterial shampoo is suggested for managing which skin condition?

    <p>Bacterial pyoderma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum duration for systemic antibiotics in the treatment of deep pyoderma?

    <p>3–4 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to antibiotics, what must be addressed if lesions do not improve?

    <p>Identify and control the underlying disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibacterial agent is suggested for concurrent use with systemic antibiotics in treating skin conditions?

    <p>Chlorhexidine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common underlying disease that can exacerbate skin lesions?

    <p>Hyperadrenocorticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission from an affected pet?

    <p>Sharing towels and personal linens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a first-line empiric antimicrobial therapy for bacterial skin infections in dogs?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage of Cefadroxil recommended for dogs receiving first-line treatment for bacterial skin infections?

    <p>22 mg/kg PO q 8–12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is bacterial skin culture most strongly indicated?

    <p>Deep lesions presenting with nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial therapy is considered second-line culture-determined for resistant bacterial infections?

    <p>Amikacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of systemic antibiotics having been administered to a patient within the past 30 days?

    <p>Suggests increased likelihood of resistant infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using topical mupirocin ointment in treating pyoderma?

    <p>Resistance of staphylococci to erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the focus when dealing with the treatment of lesions in dogs demonstrating Acral lick dermatitis?

    <p>Management of surrounding tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For cultures obtained from lesions under adherent crusts, what method should be recommended?

    <p>Punch biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systemic therapies is suggested for canine skin infections associated with methicillin-resistant staphylococci?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic skin change may NOT be observed in a dog with pyoderma?

    <p>Complete hair regrowth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is strongly discouraged because it is considered a last resort in humans?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method for obtaining deep nodules for culture?

    <p>Through an elliptical wedge biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should glucocorticoid use be discouraged during treatment of pyoderma?

    <p>It alters the clinical picture for both the owner and veterinarian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to test for clindamycin susceptibility in resistant staphylococci?

    <p>An A-D test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topical treatment should be avoided unless other options have failed in canine MRS pyoderma?

    <p>Topical mupirocin ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should patients be reexamined near the end of the treatment schedule for pyoderma?

    <p>To ensure clinical resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product helps improve the barrier function of the skin but is not antibacterial?

    <p>Ceramide creams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the reference laboratory be informed about regarding the type of cultures requested?

    <p>The type of culture(s) needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to limit the spread of infection from an affected pet?

    <p>Regularly pick up stool or scoop the litter box.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initiating stimulus for pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Hot and humid weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the lesions caused by pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Well-demarcated margins with raised edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment may be prescribed if pruritus from pyotraumatic dermatitis is severe?

    <p>Short-term corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome is expected if the underlying cause of pyotraumatic dermatitis is managed effectively?

    <p>Good prognosis for healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is inappropriate when handling an infection in a pet?

    <p>Neglecting to inform in-contact individuals of potential risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should systemic antibiotic therapy for pyotraumatic dermatitis be continued?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is most commonly associated with developing pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Thick-coated, long-haired breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying conditions are frequently associated with the development of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Endocrine diseases and allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is least effective for identifying intralesional bacteria in cases of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Dermatohistopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of mucocutaneous pyoderma lesions?

    <p>Painful, pruritic, and often bilateral lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is mentioned as possibly predisposed to mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>German shepherd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skin lesions are characteristic of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Focal and multifocal papules and pustules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for applying topical mupirocin ointment after the initial week of treatment?

    <p>Every 3 to 7 days for maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to distinguish superficial pyoderma from other skin diseases?

    <p>To rule out more severe conditions like autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For severe cases of mucocutaneous pyoderma, what is an additional treatment alongside topical therapy?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics for 3 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases where superficial pyoderma presents with numerous pustules, what specific cytological finding would you expect?

    <p>Neutrophils and bacterial cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major differential diagnosis for superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Demodicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying conditions may affect the prognosis of mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Allergies and endocrinopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is not listed as a differential for mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Panniculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appearance of hair is commonly observed in dogs with superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Moth-eaten patchy alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Topical cleaning of affected areas for mucocutaneous pyoderma should be done using what type of product?

    <p>Shampoo containing chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Flea infestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Erythema and crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate time frame to observe significant improvement after starting steroid treatment for pedal furunculosis?

    <p>1 to 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage range for prednisolone when treating pedal furunculosis?

    <p>2 to 4 mg/kg PO every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done once the lesions of pedal furunculosis have resolved?

    <p>Gradually taper the steroid dose to maintain remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional factor contributes to the complications associated with pedal furunculosis in dogs?

    <p>Secondary infections from other diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor the clinician should correct when treating pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Short-haired breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs suffering from pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Good to fair, with some requiring lifelong therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sequela associated with chronic cases of pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Interdigital fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding microbial cultures from biopsy specimens in pedal furunculosis?

    <p>They are generally negative for infectious agents unless secondary infections are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure should be taken regarding interactions between an infected pet and at-risk individuals?

    <p>Keep personal wounds covered and protected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for systemic antibiotics in treating skin infections?

    <p>3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation should antibiotic therapy be reevaluated according to response?

    <p>If lesions recur within 7 days of therapy discontinuation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bath frequency is recommended for affected individuals undergoing treatment?

    <p>Every 2 to 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential underlying condition that may aggravate skin infections?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a pet has an open draining wound?

    <p>Keep the wound covered and protected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications may suppress the immune system as a risk factor for skin infections?

    <p>Immunosuppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important recommendation for managing shared household items with an affected pet?

    <p>Keep personal items separate from the pet's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pyoderma is specifically associated with underlying conditions such as demodicosis and allergic skin disease?

    <p>Deep Pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in canine pyoderma?

    <p>They commonly show resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by pyogenic cutaneous bacterial infections in dogs?

    <p>Pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staphylococcal species is most commonly associated with canine pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common underlying disease process leading to canine pyoderma?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a bacterial infection that can lead to tissue necrosis and is often associated with animal bites or fights?

    <p>Subcutaneous Abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the inflammation of the skin folds in animals, often leading to pyoderma-like symptoms?

    <p>Intertrigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a mycobacterial infection that can resemble pyoderma in presentation?

    <p>Opportunistic Mycobacteriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for mild lesions associated with chin pyoderma?

    <p>Benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>It is a surface skin infection found in brachycephalic breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of moderate to severe chin pyoderma lesions, what additional therapy is recommended?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced when diagnosing follicular infections such as folliculitis?

    <p>Intralesional bacteria may be difficult to identify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate method for cleansing areas affected by skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Alcohol-free cleansing wipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended frequency for applying mupirocin ointment during the treatment of chin pyoderma until lesions resolve?

    <p>Every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is minimizing trauma and pressure to the chin crucial during treatment for chin pyoderma?

    <p>It prevents further irritation and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What involves mixed bacterial infections in skin diseases like chin pyoderma?

    <p>It allows a variety of infectious agents to thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential indication for performing a bacterial skin culture?

    <p>Recent hospitalization of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a first-line empiric antimicrobial therapy for bacterial skin infections in dogs?

    <p>Amoxicillin clavulanate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Acral lick dermatitis?

    <p>Ulceration and necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic antimicrobial is administered at the highest dosage for bacterial skin infections?

    <p>Amikacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions should be prioritized for culture in the event of a bacterial skin infection?

    <p>Primary lesions like pustules or nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario should second-line culture-determined antimicrobial therapy be considered?

    <p>Failure to respond to first-line antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a suggested indication for bacterial skin cultures?

    <p>Development of new superficial lesions only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended route for administering Cefpodoxime proxetil?

    <p>Orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the use of topical therapies in bacterial skin infections is most accurate?

    <p>Topical antibacterial agents may hasten healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adjunctive treatment option may help achieve better outcomes in dermatological conditions?

    <p>Adjunctive topical therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for facial fold dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Topical therapy with antibacterial shampoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT commonly associated with exacerbating lip fold dermatitis?

    <p>Histamine reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently should the affected area be cleaned when treating tail fold dermatitis?

    <p>Every 1 to 3 days as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of vulvar fold dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Erythematous folds and painful urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs with skin fold dermatitis if surgical correction is not performed?

    <p>Prognosis is good with lifelong maintenance therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common secondary condition that may arise from vulvar fold dermatitis?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant differential diagnosis that should be ruled out when assessing a dog for vulvar fold dermatitis?

    <p>Demodicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is appropriate for confirming a diagnosis of skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Impression smears for cytology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunocompromised individuals should take which precaution when interacting with pets diagnosed with MRS?

    <p>Isolate the pet from family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor that may lead to methicillin resistance in S.pseudintermedius and S.schleiferi?

    <p>Prolonged use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs are indicative of deep pyoderma in pets?

    <p>Papules, pustules, and alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of pyoderma, what standard practice should veterinarians follow to ensure infection control?

    <p>Maintain consistent hygiene and disinfection protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for MRS in veterinary practice?

    <p>Human to pet reverse zoonosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with septic animals having deep pyoderma?

    <p>Joint swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect should be emphasized when treating a known MRS-positive patient?

    <p>Assessing the risk for zoonosis aggressively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if a pet with deep pyoderma has open draining wounds?

    <p>Cover the wounds to prevent licking and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is typically observed in cases of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Pyogranulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from premature discontinuation of antibiotic therapy for deep pyoderma?

    <p>Perpetuation of resistant infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is NOT typical of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Superficial papules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic pathogen is mentioned as causing infection at a surgical site in cases of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible permanent sequelae in severe or chronic cases of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Fibrosis, scarring, and alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the lesions associated with deep pyoderma?

    <p>They often present with a diffuse pattern affecting larger skin areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes deep pyoderma from superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Ulcerative lesions with draining tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might intralesional bacteria be difficult to identify in deep pyoderma cases?

    <p>Deep tissue cultures are often negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is likely observed in cytology when diagnosing botryomycosis?

    <p>Suppurative inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method can provide a definitive causative organism for botryomycosis?

    <p>Bacterial culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for botryomycosis?

    <p>Toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of lesions associated with botryomycosis contributes to their diagnosis?

    <p>Draining fistulae and purulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of botryomycosis, which bacterial species is least likely to be isolated from cultures?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for addressing underlying causes of skin lesions in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Identification and correction of the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cleaning method is suggested for preventing recurrence of skin lesions?

    <p>Wiping or scrubbing in the direction of hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential zoonotic concern is associated with an increase in MRSP cases?

    <p>Increasing public health implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the challenge of identifying intralesional bacteria in dermatological cases?

    <p>The presence of mixed bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended topical treatment for developing bullae in veterinary care?

    <p>Topical dimethyl sulfoxide combined with enrofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adjunctive topical therapy may be considered useful for treating pyoderma?

    <p>Daily foot soaks in chlorhexidine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature can complicate the management of infections associated with hair follicles?

    <p>The tendency for ingrown hairs to develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency at which cleansing wipes should be used for effective treatment?

    <p>Every 12 to 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for administering antibiotics or antifungal medications if draining lesions are secondarily infected?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is suggested for the treatment of solitary lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Surgical excision or laser ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions characterize canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Erythematous papules and bullae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be applied to resolve developing bullae in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Topical DMSO with enrofloxacin and dexamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common issue occurs in dogs with interdigital bullae and short-coated breeds?

    <p>Secondary bacterial and yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should cleansing wipes be used for managing lesions effectively?

    <p>Every 12 to 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using combination tetracycline and niacinamide for treatment?

    <p>May be beneficial for some dogs with pedal furunculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common dermatological issue may present with drainage and ulceration similar to canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Other forms of furunculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary initiating stimulus of pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Self-inflicted trauma due to scratching or licking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of weather conditions in the prevalence of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>It becomes more common in hot and humid conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is recommended for severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Short-term oclacitinib or steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic therapy in the treatment of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed type is most commonly affected by pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Thick-coated, long-haired breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the central lesion of pyotraumatic dermatitis is surrounded by additional skin lesions?

    <p>Initiate systemic antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What steps should be taken to limit the spread of infection in pets with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Avoid public parks and consult with a veterinarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key clinical features of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Enlarging area of erythema and alopecia with weepy skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to prevent future lesions in mild cases of chin pyoderma?

    <p>Scrub the area with benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoo in the direction of hair growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogen associated with skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For moderate to severe chin pyoderma lesions, what additional treatment should be administered along with topical options?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should mupirocin ointment or benzoyl peroxide gel be applied after lesions resolve in chin pyoderma?

    <p>Every 3 to 7 days as needed for continued control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Superficial bacterial infection involving hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cleaning method is suggested for managing skin fold dermatitis?

    <p>Cleansing with chlorhexidine-containing wipes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most common underlying causes of superficial pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Allergies and endocrine disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important first step in treating obesity-related skin fold dermatitis issues?

    <p>Initiating a weight reduction program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of scrubbing the affected area in mild chin pyoderma lesions?

    <p>To help remove ingrown hairs and prevent future lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are typically observed in cytology for diagnosing superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Neutrophils and bacterial cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic approach is essential for confirming superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Bacterial culture for Staphylococcus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate action should be taken for lesions that have not improved with usual topical treatments?

    <p>Begin a course of systemic antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following differs from the features of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Painful necrotic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation during dermatohistopathology is indicative of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Epidermal microabscesses and non-specific superficial dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of alopecia is commonly associated with superficial pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Moth-eaten patchy alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions might be mistaken for superficial pyoderma due to similar symptoms?

    <p>Scabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key histopathological feature is associated with mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Superficial epidermal pustules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical presentation of nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Facial erythema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended diagnostic method for mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for severe mucocutaneous pyoderma?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary rationale for selecting an antibiotic based on in vitro sensitivity results?

    <p>To combat common antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition can you frequently find similar clinical progression to nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Eosinophilic furunculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment procedure is indicated for resolving interdigital bullae effectively?

    <p>Surgical removal of the ruptured hair follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is not typical of mucocutaneous pyoderma as it progresses?

    <p>Superficial blanching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for application of topical treatment for lesions?

    <p>Every 12 to 72 hours until lesions resolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial finding might be observed in the diagnosis of nasal pyoderma?

    <p>Bacterial cocci or rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adjunctive topical therapies might be beneficial for infection management?

    <p>Daily foot soaks in 0.4% chlorhexidine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mucocutaneous pyoderma from discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) in diagnosis?

    <p>Distinctive histopathology changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consideration when managing MRSP as a zoonotic potential?

    <p>It poses a major ethical and legal issue in veterinary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cleansing method is suggested to prevent recurrence of lesions?

    <p>Wiping or scrubbing in the direction of hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific formulation is recommended for topical application to aid in controlling developing bullae?

    <p>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) combined with enrofloxacin and dexamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common presentation of the primary pathogen typically involved in these infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus, often in mixed infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed aggressively when a veterinarian diagnoses canine pyoderma caused by MRS?

    <p>Risk for zoonosis and contagion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT considered a cause of secondary superficial or deep pyoderma?

    <p>Infectious gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical approach is indicated when evidence of an antimicrobial-resistant infection is present?

    <p>Bacterial culture and susceptibility testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with an increased risk of secondary pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Skin trauma from bites or wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in patient care to reduce fear when MRS pyoderma is documented?

    <p>Simple hygienic measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the clinical presentation of MRS pyoderma?

    <p>It can be clinically indistinguishable from susceptible opportunistic staphylococci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine disorder is a known cause of secondary pyoderma?

    <p>Cushing's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended response if systemic antibiotics are deemed necessary for treating a severe case of pyoderma?

    <p>Conduct a bacterial culture and susceptibility testing first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a permanent sequelae in severe or chronic cases of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Fibrosis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misdiagnosis for the focal area of alopecia seen in superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Dermatophytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge in diagnosing deep pyoderma via cytology?

    <p>Intralesional bacteria may be difficult to find</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is preferred for obtaining deep nodules for culture?

    <p>Elliptical wedge biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature distinguishes deep pyoderma from superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Involvement of large regions of skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In thick-coated breeds, what complicates the identification of underlying lesions in superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Hair matting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a last resort in humans?

    <p>Teicoplanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may exacerbate a resistant infection when treating deep pyoderma?

    <p>Premature discontinuation of therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical presentation is typical of postbathing folliculitis in dogs?

    <p>Multifocal, punctate lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis does a purulent exudate on a dog's lip indicate?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterial species is notably associated with causing necrotizing fasciitis in deep pyoderma cases?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glucocorticoid use discouraged during the treatment of pyoderma?

    <p>It alters the clinical picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a dog is severely pruritic during pyoderma treatment?

    <p>Consider oclacitinib for a short duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may cause erythema that resembles superficial pyoderma but differs in underlying causes?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which circumstance may the prognosis of deep pyoderma be considered good?

    <p>Absence of severe or chronic cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing is required to determine clindamycin susceptibility?

    <p>D-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of the lesions caused by superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Lichenification with crusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is indicated in impression smears of pyoderma?

    <p>Suppurative to pyogranulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic change in the skin may occur in deep pyoderma due to chronic inflammation?

    <p>Lichenification of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of secondary infection following chronic allergic dermatitis in a dog?

    <p>Papular rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using topical ceramide creams?

    <p>They improve barrier function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the pigmentation of a dog's skin affect the diagnosis of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>It obscures underlying dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indication suggests that cultures of skin under adherent crusts should be performed?

    <p>Expansion of epidermal collarette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formulations has a longer treatment effect when not rinsed off?

    <p>Topical non-antimicrobial formulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment protocol for canine pedal furunculosis regarding corticosteroid administration?

    <p>Administer 2 to 4 mg/kg every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after lesions associated with canine pedal furunculosis have resolved?

    <p>Gradually taper the steroid dose to maintain remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common secondary infection treatment strategy in canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Treat aggressively to address secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall prognosis for canine pedal furunculosis as described?

    <p>Good to fair, possibly requiring lifelong therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clinicians ensure when diagnosing canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Identify and correct the initiating cause of the furunculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might special stains not reveal infectious agents in cases of pyo-granulomatous dermatitis?

    <p>Infectious agents can be present without causing lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential permanent sequela in chronic cases of canine pedal furunculosis?

    <p>Interdigital fibrosis due to persistent inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method could be crucial in confirming the diagnosis of pedal furunculosis through microbiological analysis?

    <p>Negative cultures for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily characterized by severe swelling, alopecia, and crusting ulcers in the interdigital space of dogs?

    <p>Bacterial Pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the moist environment that exacerbates bacterial pododermatitis in canines?

    <p>Underlying allergy and foot licking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature differentiates bacterial pododermatitis from yeast dermatitis?

    <p>Presence of draining lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of chronic interdigital fistula, what is typically a contributing factor leading to its development?

    <p>Presence of penetrating foreign bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common observable symptom associated with bacterial pododermatitis affecting the cutaneous surface?

    <p>Erosions and draining lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition often leads to the emergence of bacterial infections in the interdigital spaces of dogs?

    <p>Allergic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the condition characterized by severe furunculosis visible only when separating the toes?

    <p>Bacterial Pododermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is most often observed with profound tissue swelling in bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Purulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial approach should be taken to limit the spread of infection in pets?

    <p>Avoid pet daycare and public dog parks until the pet is cleared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initiating factor for pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?

    <p>Fleas causing pruritus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment can be administered for severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Short-term systemic corticoids like prednisone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic lesion of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Erythema with well-demarcated margins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic therapy in cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis with secondary infection?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pyotraumatic dermatitis, what condition may arise if the underlying pruritic cause is not addressed?

    <p>Secondary infections leading to chronic lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topical application is suggested for treating pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Antimicrobial solution every 8 to 12 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of pyotraumatic dermatitis concerning prevalent breeds?

    <p>More common in thick-coated, long-haired dog breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that leads to the development of canine pyoderma?

    <p>Secondary to an underlying disease process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Staphylococcus is most commonly isolated in cases of canine pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotic resistance is increasingly common in bacterial pyoderma cases in dogs?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant staphylococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy individuals, what is the primary concern regarding MRS infectious risk?

    <p>Rare infections if antibiotics have not been used previously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying disease processes are commonly associated with the exacerbation of canine pyoderma?

    <p>Demodicosis, allergic skin disease, and endocrinopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key factors contributing to the emergence of MRS in veterinary species?

    <p>Widespread use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in terms of their antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practice is essential for veterinarians when handling cases of pyoderma potentially caused by MRS?

    <p>Thorough cleaning and disinfection after each case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increasing occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in canine pyoderma?

    <p>Repeated systemic antibiotic exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is commonly associated with deep pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Presence of hemorrhagic bullae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which secondary skin condition is NOT typically associated with canine pyoderma?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to prevent potential human infections in immunocompromised individuals when caring for pets with MRS?

    <p>Keep all personal wounds covered and protected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following staphylococcal species is NOT commonly isolated in pyoderma cases of dogs?

    <p>Staphylococcus epidermidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could increase the severity of skin lesions in dogs suffering from deep pyoderma?

    <p>Presence of lymphadenomegaly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the transmission of MRS typically occur between humans and animals?

    <p>Mostly through human to pet transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should veterinarians do if there is a documented case of MRS in a patient?

    <p>Enhance infection control measures significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of improperly managing a case of bacterial pododermatitis in pets?

    <p>Heightened risk of zoonotic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT recommended when dealing with an MRS-infected patient?

    <p>Allowing family members to handle the pet freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step in the diagnosis of bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Cytology to evaluate the type of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is least likely to be observed in cases of bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Lack of pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if lesions associated with bacterial pododermatitis do not resolve with topical therapies?

    <p>Administer systemic antibiotics for a prolonged period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying factor can contribute to the development of bacterial pododermatitis?

    <p>Chronic autoimmune skin disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presentation of bacterial pododermatitis in pets?

    <p>Interdigital erythema between the toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure should be enhanced particularly when MRS is documented in a patient?

    <p>Augment routine cleaning practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in assessing if a canine pyoderma infection is antimicrobial-resistant?

    <p>Performing a bacterial culture and susceptibility testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pustules are primarily found in cases of impetigo?

    <p>Nonfollicular subcorneal pustules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with secondary pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key preventive measure to reduce the risk of zoonosis from MRS pyoderma?

    <p>Discussing isolation of the infected animal from humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying condition is least likely to contribute to the development of impetigo?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors should NOT be considered as a likely cause of pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies leading to hair loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of impetigo, what should be the focus regarding hygiene?

    <p>Correcting any identified predisposing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is responsible for the antimicrobial resistance observed in certain staphylococcal infections?

    <p>mecA gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosis for impetigo?

    <p>Clinical findings and history with differential diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When treating impetigo lesions, what is the recommended frequency for application of topical ointments if lesions are limited in number?

    <p>Every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary recommendation for hygienic measures once MRS pyoderma is documented?

    <p>Educating the owner to maintain simple hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical findings may suggest an antimicrobial-resistant infection in dogs?

    <p>Poor response to initial antimicrobial therapy and recurrent lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate duration for cleaning affected areas of impetigo during treatment?

    <p>Every 24 to 48 hours for 7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typical of the lesions associated with impetigo?

    <p>Painfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach is least likely to reduce the severity of pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Administering topical mupirocin ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional treatment is recommended if impetigo lesions do not resolve with topical therapy?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics for 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathological outcome of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Cellulitis and furunculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is most commonly isolated in cases of canine pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common predisposing factor for deep pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Chronic superficial skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial cultures are commonly yielded from deep pyoderma cases?

    <p>Mixed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial step should be taken for the treatment of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Identify and correct any underlying factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species, previously known as S. intermedius, is now recognized in canine pyoderma cases?

    <p>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risk is associated with MRSP in veterinary medicine?

    <p>The rapid increase of resistance makes it a public health concern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical manifestation of superficial pyoderma in dogs?

    <p>Erythematous macular lesions without a papular rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general treatment plan is often sufficient for surface pyoderma?

    <p>Topical therapy to remove bacteria and excessive sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are typically involved in follicular dysplasias?

    <p>Color dilution alopecia among other types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should topical treatments for pyoderma be utilized once clinical resolution is achieved?

    <p>They may be used as maintenance therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common characteristics of superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Presence of erythematous macules and papules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated if there are indications of patient or human health implications regarding MRSA screening?

    <p>Targeted screening based on clinical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topical treatments is often recommended for pyoderma?

    <p>Antiseptic foams with 2% to 4% chlorhexidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would indicate a need for more aggressive treatment beyond topical therapy for pyoderma?

    <p>Fever and generalized weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of treatment during the management of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

    <p>Infection control through topical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is described in cases of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Pyogranulomatous inflammation with bacterial cocci and rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise from chronic deep pyoderma?

    <p>Permanent fibrosis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about antibiotic treatment in deep pyoderma is accurate?

    <p>Stopping antibiotics prematurely can perpetuate the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is not typically associated with superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Draining tract formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is deep pyoderma primarily differentiated from superficial pyoderma?

    <p>Larger areas of skin affected with lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is commonly isolated in cases of deep pyoderma?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dermatitis may complicate surgical sites, potentially leading to deep pyoderma?

    <p>Opportunistic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is identified by the presence of lichenification and chronic ulceration?

    <p>Deep pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Impetigo (Superficial Pustular Dermatitis)

    • Superficial bacterial infection of nonhaired skin, often associated with predisposing factors like endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, poor nutrition, or a dirty environment.
    • Commonly seen in young dogs before puberty.
    • Characterized by small, nonfollicular pustules, papules, and crusts, limited to the inguinal and axillary skin.
    • Lesions are not painful or pruritic.
    • Treatment includes addressing predisposing factors, cleaning affected areas with antibacterial shampoo, applying topical mupirocin or neomycin ointment or cream, and administering systemic antibiotics if necessary.
    • Prognosis is good.

    Postgrooming Furunculosis

    • Newly recognized acute-onset deep pyoderma that occurs within days of water immersion or exposure to grooming products.
    • Characterized by erythematous maculopapules, pustules, furuncles, hemorrhagic crusts, tiny ulcers, and draining tracts dorsally distributed on the neck and trunk.
    • Lethargy, fever, and pain along lesional skin are frequent.
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolate.
    • Diagnosis involves ruling out other differentials and conducting dermatohistopathology.
    • Treatment includes addressing predisposing factors, cleaning affected areas with antibacterial shampoo, applying topical mupirocin or neomycin ointment or cream, and administering systemic antibiotics for 3 weeks.
    • Prognosis is good.

    Nasal Pyoderma

    • Characterized by papules, pustules, erythema, alopecia, crusting, swelling, erosions, or ulcerative fistulae on the bridge of the nose.
    • Lesions may be painful.
    • The primary pathogen is usually Staphylococcus, but mixed bacterial infections are also common.
    • Treatment includes topical warm water soaks with chlorhexidine shampoo and administering systemic antibiotics for 3-6 weeks.
    • Prognosis is good, but scarring may be a permanent sequela in some dogs.

    Bacterial Pododermatitis

    • Inflammation of the footpad.
    • Common in dogs, particularly certain breeds.
    • Severity and recurrence often worsened by underlying pruritic diseases like atopy.
    • Ingrown hairs are a key feature in the development of interdigital bullae.
    • Treatment includes addressing predisposing factors, meticulous hygiene, and systemic antibiotics.
    • Prognosis can vary.

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • A chronic, recurring condition characterized by interdigital bullae and cellulitis in the paws of dogs.
    • Often caused by bacterial infection.
    • Treatment typically involves addressing predisposing factors, meticulously cleaning the affected area, and using topical medications.
    • Systemic antibiotics may also be used to control the infection.
    • Prognosis can vary, but recurrence is common.

    Subcutaneous Abscess (Cat and Dog Fight or Bite Abscess)

    • Occurs when normal oral bacterial microflorae are inoculated into the skin through puncture wounds.
    • Commonly found on the tail base, shoulder, neck, face, or leg.
    • Characterized by localized, often painful, swelling or abscess with a crusted-over puncture wound from which purulent material may drain.
    • Regional lymphadenomegaly, fever, anorexia, and depression are common.
    • Treatment includes lancing, cleaning with chlorhexidine solution, and administering systemic antibiotics.
    • Prognosis is good.

    Last Resort Antimicrobial Therapy

    • Linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin are strongly discouraged for treating pyoderma.
    • These antibiotics are considered drugs of last resort in humans.
    • Consult a specialist when using these antibiotics.

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • Superficial pyoderma is a frequent skin disease in dogs.
    • The infection of hair follicles and surrounding epidermis is usually secondary to another underlying cause.
    • Allergies and endocrine diseases are common causes of superficial pyoderma.
    • Superficial pyoderma is characterized by papules, pustules, scales, crusts, epidermal collarettes.
    • Short-coated dogs may present with “moth-eaten” alopecia and reddish-brown discoloration of white hairs.
    • Daily baths and topical treatments are often beneficial.
    • Use high doses of antibiotics to prevent resistance.
    • Consider using two antibiotics simultaneously.

    Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus (MRS)

    • MRS, MRSS, and MRSP are emerging skin pathogens in dogs.
    • Risk factors include previous exposure to fluoroquinolones, subtherapeutic antibiotic dosing, and concurrent steroid therapy.
    • MRS is becoming more common in veterinary species, including humans.
    • MRS is zoonotic and can be transmitted from humans to dogs and vice versa.
    • Immunosuppressed individuals are at higher risk of infection.
    • Practice good infection control measures when dealing with MRS.
    • Maintain strict hygiene practices, including hand-washing.
    • Consider culture screening for MRS in dogs that interact with elderly or sick individuals.

    Impetigo

    • Impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection of non-haired areas.
    • It is often associated with secondary causes such as endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, poor hygiene, or nutrition.
    • It is common in young dogs before puberty.
    • Lesions appear as small nonfollicular pustules, papules, and crusts, mainly on the inguinal or axillary skin.
    • The lesions are not typically painful or pruritic.
    • Treat predisposing factors, such as poor hygiene or nutrition.
    • Clean affected areas with an antibacterial shampoo.
    • Topical mupirocin or neomycin ointment or cream can also be applied.
    • Systemic antibiotics may be necessary for more severe cases, administered for three weeks after clinical resolution.
    • The prognosis is generally good.

    Deep Pyoderma

    • Deep pyoderma is characterized by papules, pustules, cellulitis, discoloration, alopecia, bullae, erosions, ulcers, and crusts.
    • Lesions are often painful or pruritic and frequently involve the trunk and pressure points.
    • Lymphadenomegaly is common in deep pyoderma cases.
    • Systemic illness may present with fever, anorexia, and depression.

    Culture and Diagnostic Procedures

    • Swab a pustule for purulent material for culture.
    • Obtain skin biopsies for deep nodules cultures.
    • Swab skin underneath crusts or epidermal collarettes.
    • Notify the laboratory about the culture type required (e.g., aerobic, anaerobic, mycobacterial, fungal).
    • Cytology of pustules and skin impressions reveals neutrophils and bacterial cocci.
    • Dermatohistopathology reveals nonfollicular subcutaneous pustules with neutrophils and bacteria.
    • Bacterial culture identifies the presence of Staphylococcus species.

    Treatment Considerations

    • Avoid topical mupirocin ointment in dogs with MRS, unless other topical treatments fail.
    • Topical ceramide creams may aid in restoring the skin barrier function.
    • Avoid glucocorticoids during pyoderma treatment because they can mask the clinical picture.
    • Oclacitinib can be considered for severe pruritus, but only for a short duration.
    • Reassess patients near the end of the treatment plan to ensure clinical resolution.
    • An expanding papular perimeter suggests expanding bacterial folliculitis.

    Glucocorticoids

    • Glucocorticoids are discouraged for pyoderma.
    • They can alter the clinical presentation, making diagnosis difficult for owners and veterinarians.
    • Oclacitinib is preferred for managing pruritus in these cases.

    Bacterial Pododermatitis

    • Bacterial Pododermatitis is a bacterial infection of the foot.
    • It can be caused by underlying allergies, foreign bodies, or other factors.
    • Symptoms include swelling, alopecia (hair loss), erythema (redness), and crusting.
    • Treatment includes addressing underlying causes, topical antibiotics, and, in severe cases, systemic antibiotics.
    • Pedal furunculosis, also known as interdigital bullae or interdigital pyogranuloma, is a specific type of bacterial pododermatitis that affects the interdigital spaces.

    Pedal Furunculosis

    • Pedal furunculosis is a common condition in dogs.
    • It is characterized by small, painful, fluid-filled sacs (bullae) that form between the toes.
    • The bullae can rupture, resulting in draining tracts and severe inflammation.
    • Treatment includes surgical drainage of the bullae, antibiotics, and management of underlying causes, such as allergies.

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • Superficial pyoderma is a common bacterial infection of the skin.
    • It is often associated with allergies and other predisposing factors.
    • It is characterized by papules, pustules, crusting, and erythema.
    • Treatment usually involves topical and systemic antibiotics.

    Deep Pyoderma

    • Deep pyoderma is a more severe bacterial infection of the skin that extends beyond the hair follicles.
    • It is often preceded by chronic superficial pyoderma.
    • It requires systemic antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage.

    Mucocutaneous Pyoderma

    • Mucocutaneous pyoderma affects the mucocutaneous junctions, or areas where the skin meets mucous membranes.
    • It is uncommon in dogs but can affect the lips, nose, and other areas.
    • Topical and systemic antibiotics are used for treatment.

    Nasal Pyoderma

    • Nasal pyoderma is a bacterial infection of the nose.
    • It appears as papules, pustules, erythema, alopecia, crusting, or swelling.
    • Treatment includes topical chlorhexidine soaks and systemic antibiotics.

    Subcutaneous Abscess

    • Subcutaneous abscesses are often caused by puncture wounds from cat or dog fights.
    • They are characterized by localized swelling, pain, and sometimes drainage.
    • Treatment includes incision and drainage, cleansing, and antibiotics.

    Pyoderma

    • Purulent material from pustules can be cultured
    • Deep nodules require an elliptical wedge biopsy to obtain cultures
    • Cultures of the skin underneath adherent crusts can be swabbed with a culturette
    • Always notify the reference lab about the type of culture requested
    • In general, topical formulations that are not rinsed off will have a longer treatment effect
    • Topical mupirocin ointment should be avoided in canine MRSP pyoderma unless other treatments fail
    • Topical ceramide creams may help improve the skin's barrier function
    • Glucocorticoid use is discouraged during pyoderma treatment
    • Oclacitinib may be considered for severe pruritus
    • All patients should be reexamined at the end of treatment to ensure resolution

    Pyotraumatic Dermatitis (Acute Moist Dermatitis, Hot Spots)

    • Occurs secondary to self- inflicted trauma
    • Caused by scratching, licking, chewing, or rubbing in response to a pruritic or painful stimulus
    • Most common initiating stimulus is fleas
    • More common in dogs than cats
    • Presents as pruritic, rapidly enlarging area of erythema, alopecia, and wet skin
    • Dermatopathology: follicular hyperkeratosis, folliculitis, or furunculosis
    • Bacterial culture: primary pathogen is Staphylococcus
    • Treatment:
      • Minimize trauma and pressure to the chin.
      • Scrub area with benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoo
      • Apply mupirocin ointment or benzoyl peroxide gel
      • For moderate to severe cases, systemic antibiotics are needed
      • For severe pruritus, oclacitinib or steroids can be used
      • If papules or pustules are present, systemic antibiotics should be given

    Chin Pyoderma

    • Lesions are typically erythematous papular with alopecia
    • Can be mild, severe, and papular with crusting
    • Severe infections result in purulent exudate

    Skin Fold Dermatitis (Intertrigo, Skin Fold Pyoderma)

    • Occurs in dogs with excessive skin folds
    • Can occur in brachycephalic breeds, dogs with large lip flaps, tail folds, and vulvar folds
    • Dermatopathology: suppurative to pyogranulomatous perifolliculitis, folliculitis, furunculosis, and nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis
    • Bacterial culture: primary pathogen is Staphylococcus
    • Treatment:
      • Initiate a weight loss program if the dog is obese
      • Use cleansing wipes such as alcohol-free acne pads, baby wipes, chlorhexidine-containing pledgets, or other antimicrobial wipes every 12-72 hours
      • Select antibiotics based on in vitro sensitivity results
      • For interdigital bullae, surgical removal with a biopsy punch or laser can speed resolution
      • For developing bullae, apply topical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) combined with enrofloxacin and steroids
      • Adjunctive therapies include daily foot soaks in 0.025% chlorhexidine solution, 0.4% povidone-iodine solution, or magnesium sulfate solution

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • Occurs in interdigital spaces
    • Presents as large, flaccid bullae and severe interdigital tissue swelling with ulceration
    • Dermatopathology: multifocal, nodular to diffuse granulomatous dermatitis
    • Microbial cultures are negative for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi
    • Treatment:
      • Correct the initiating cause of furunculosis (e.g., food allergy, wet environment, friction)
      • Treat secondary infections aggressively
      • Prognosis is good to fair
      • Lifelong medical therapy may be needed to maintain remission

    Canine Pyoderma

    • Canine pyoderma is a common bacterial skin infection that can affect various breeds of dogs.
    • The depth of infection can be categorized into:
      • Surface: Infection of the most external skin layers. Often requires topical therapy to resolve.
      • Superficial: Infection of follicular and interfollicular areas like folliculitis, or furunculosis. Often requires topical therapy for focal lesions.
      • Deep: Infections that extend into the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Usually requires systemic antibiotics.

    Chin Pyoderma

    • Chin pyoderma is often found in breeds like English Bulldogs.
    • The infection is characterized by erythematous papules, alopecia (hair loss), and purulent exudate.
    • Treatment involves mechanical scrubbing, topical medications (like benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoo) and sometimes systemic antibiotics.

    Skin Fold Dermatitis (Intertrigo)

    • Skin fold dermatitis is a common bacterial infection occurring in breeds with excessive skin folds.
    • It is caused by trapped moisture, heat, and proliferation of bacteria in the folds.
    • Symptoms include redness, inflammation, odor, and discharge within the skin folds.
    • Treatment involves thorough cleaning, weight reduction, and topical or sometimes systemic antibiotics.

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • A rare, potentially chronic, inflammatory condition affecting the paws of dogs, particularly short-coated breeds.
    • It presents as single or multiple erythematous papules, nodules, or bullae on the interdigital spaces.
    • It is believed to be triggered by ruptured hair follicles, releasing keratin and triglycerides that trigger an immune response.
    • Treatment includes identifying the initial cause, cleaning, topical and sometimes systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention in severe cases.

    Subcutaneous Abscess

    • Subcutaneous abscesses are common in dogs and cats, especially among intact male cats.
    • Caused by bacterial inoculation through bite wounds.
    • Characterized by localized swelling, pain, and pus discharge.
    • Treatment includes lancing, draining, cleaning with chlorhexidine, and systemic antibiotics.

    Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

    • Common in dogs, rarely in cats
    • Usually single, but can be multiple and painful
    • Most common locations: trunk, tail base, lateral thigh, neck, face
    • Frequently accompanied by spreading superficial pyoderma
    • Often triggered by causes like fleas, other parasites (e.g., lice, mites), hypersensitivity (allergies), anal sac disease, otitis externa, folliculitis, and trauma

    Diagnosis of Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

    • Based on history and clinical findings
    • Cytology: shows suppurative inflammation and mixed bacteria

    Treatment of Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

    • Identify and address the underlying cause
    • Aggressive flea control
    • Clip and clean the lesion, sedation may be needed
    • Apply a topical drying agent or astringent (e.g., 5% aluminum acetate) every 8-12 hours for 2-7 days
    • Avoid alcohol-containing products
    • Consider topical analgesics (e.g., lidocaine, pramoxine hydrochloride) or corticosteroid-containing products for mild pruritus

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • Atypical skin lesions in allergic dogs
    • Caused by secondary bacterial infection
    • Commonly found in allergic dogs
    • May present as papular rash with epidermal collarettes, erythematous lesions, focal pustules, and severe crusting

    Deep Pyoderma

    • Surface or follicular bacterial infection that breaks through hair follicles
    • Often follows chronic superficial skin disease
    • Predisposing factors include: allergies, endocrinopathies, trauma, autoimmune disorders
    • Common in dogs, rare in cats
    • Most often caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
    • MRSP (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a potential zoonosis

    Treatment of Deep Pyoderma

    • Identify and correct the underlying cause
    • Systemic antibiotics are required, long-term treatment may be needed due to MRSP concerns

    Bacterial Pododermatitis

    • Inflammation of the skin on the footpads
    • Can be caused by foreign bodies, parasites, hypersensitivity, endocrinopathies, trauma
    • Often associated with foot trauma
    • Severe cases may require surgery (fusion podoplasty)

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • Inflammation of the interdigital area of the foot
    • Can appear as erythematous papules, nodules, or bullae
    • Usually painless or pruritic, can become ulcerated
    • Frequent in short-coated breeds
    • Treatment may involve cleansing wipes, surgical removal of ruptured hair follicles, or medication

    Subcutaneous Abscess

    • Caused by inoculation of oral bacteria into the skin during puncture wounds
    • Common in dogs and cats, especially intact male cats
    • Lesions often painful and localized
    • Associated with cat or dog fights
    • May cause regional lymphadomegaly, fever, anorexia, and depression

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Subcutaneous Abscess

    • Diagnosis based on history, clinical findings, and cytology
    • Treatment includes lancing and cleaning the abscess, administering systemic antibiotics

    Miscellaneous Information

    • Fluoroquinolone antibiotics may increase the risk of methicillin resistance
    • Interdigital bullae are a common disorder in short-coated breeds
    • Chin pyoderma is similar to interdigital bullae and may occur concurrently
    • Secondary bacterial and yeast infections are common in canine pedal furunculosis
    • Treatment for secondary infections may involve antibiotics or antifungals
    • Deep pyoderma associated with MRSP can pose a zoonotic risk.

    Canine Pyoderma

    • Canine Pyoderma is a common bacterial infection of the skin, affecting dogs of all ages and breeds.
    • It can be divided into superficial and deep pyoderma.
    • Superficial Pyoderma is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a growing concern, causing antibiotic resistance.
    • Common symptoms include skin redness, scaling, crusting, hair loss, and itching.
    • Diagnosis is typically made through skin scrapings, cytology, and bacterial cultures.
    • Treatment includes topical and systemic antibiotics.

    Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP)

    • MRSP is a multidrug-resistant strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
    • It is often associated with previous antibiotic use, particularly fluoroquinolones.
    • MRSP infections can be difficult to treat and may require long-term antibiotic therapy.
    • MRSP infections are a zoonotic concern, potentially transmissible from infected animals to humans.
    • Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, and minimizing contact with infected animals.

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • Superficial pyoderma typically refers to a mild form of the disease.
    • Commonly affects the face, ears, and paws, and can be caused by various factors, including allergies.
    • Treatment often involves frequent bathing with antimicrobial shampoos, topical antibiotics, and systemic antibiotics.

    Nasal Pyoderma

    • Characterized by papules, pustules, redness, swelling, and hair loss around the nose.
    • Can affect dogs and cats.
    • Prompt treatment is important to prevent potential complications like scarring and chronic infections.

    Bacterial Pododermatitis

    • Inflammation of the skin on the paws, also known as foot rot.
    • Can affect dogs, cats, and other animals.
    • Occurs due to bacteria colonizing the skin between toes.
    • Symptoms include lameness, swelling, redness, and purulent discharge.
    • Treatment usually involves cleaning the affected area, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention.

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • Also known as interdigital furunculosis.
    • A common condition in dogs that affects the skin between the toes.
    • Causes localized inflammation, swelling, and often pustule formation.
    • May be caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or other bacteria.
    • Diagnosed through clinical signs, skin scrapings, and bacterial cultures.
    • Treatment typically includes antibiotics, warm soaks, and sometimes surgical debridement.

    Subcutaneous Abscess

    • Usually caused by bacterial infection, often from a bite wound.
    • Common in dogs and cats, especially intact males.
    • Symptoms include painful swelling, redness, and purulent discharge.
    • Diagnosed through clinical signs and cytology.
    • Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, cleaning, and antibiotic therapy.

    Canine Pyoderma

    • Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection in dogs.
    • It is characterized by gelatinous skin, ulcers, necrosis, scarring alopecia, hyperpigmentation, and skin thickening.
    • Acral lick dermatitis, also known as lick granuloma, is a localized form of pyoderma that occurs due to excessive licking.
    • First-line empiric antimicrobial therapy includes Amoxicillin clavulanate, Cefadroxil, Cefpodoxime proxetil, Cephalexin, Cefovecin, Lincomycin, Ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine, and Trimethoprim–sulfadiazine/sulfamethoxazole.
    • Second-line culture-determined antimicrobial therapy includes Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Marbofloxacin, Minocycline, Orbifloxacin, Pradofloxacin, and Rifampin.
    • Last-resort antimicrobial therapy includes Linezolid, Teicoplanin, and Vancomycin.
    • Topical therapy such as benzoyl peroxide, ethyl lactate, bleach, and silver-containing products can be used to hasten resolution.
    • Glucocorticoids are discouraged during treatment of pyoderma because it can alter the clinical picture.
    • Oclacitinib (Apoquel) can be considered for pruritus.
    • MRSP (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a zoonotic bacterium that can be transmitted between humans and canines.
    • It is recommended to isolate the affected pet from at-risk individuals, cover open wounds, and practice good hygiene.
    • Pyotraumatic Dermatitis is an acute bacterial skin infection that results from self-inflicted trauma.
    • It can be caused by fleas, food allergies, or other irritants.
    • Symptoms include erythema, alopecia, and weepy, eroded skin with well-demarcated margins.
    • Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, bathing with antibacterial shampoo, and addressing the underlying cause.
    • Deep Pyoderma is a more severe form of pyoderma that involves deep tissues.
    • It can be caused by underlying conditions such as demodicosis, scabies, hypersensitivity, or endocrinopathy.
    • Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, topical therapy, and addressing the underlying cause.
    • Interdigital bullae are blisters that form between the toes and are often associated with deep pyoderma.
    • Treatment involves surgical removal of ruptured hair follicles, and topical DMSO, enrofloxacin, and steroids.
    • Adjunctive topical therapies for deep pyoderma include daily foot soaks with chlorhexidine solution, povidone–iodine solution, or magnesium sulfate.

    Key Points

    • It is important to identify and address the underlying cause of pyoderma.
    • Systemic antibiotics are typically required for treatment.
    • Topical medications can be used to hasten resolution.
    • MRSP is a zoonotic bacterium that can be transmitted between humans and canines.
    • It is essential to practice good hygiene and take precautions to prevent the spread of infection.
    • Deep pyoderma is a more severe form of pyoderma that requires aggressive treatment.
    • It is important to consult with a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment.

    Last Resort Antimicrobial Therapy

    • Linezolid, Teicoplanin, and Vancomycin are strongly discouraged for use in canine cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRS) because these antibiotics are drugs of last resort in humans
    • Consult a veterinary specialist before administering these antibiotics

    Mupirocin Ointment

    • Topical mupirocin ointment should be avoided in canine MRS pyoderma unless other topical treatments fail and other suitable treatment options based on culture and susceptibility testing are unavailable
    • The routine use of mupirocin in human cases of MRS is the reason for its avoidance in canine cases

    Culture Collection Techniques

    • Purulent material can be aspirated from a pustule and transferred to a culturette
    • Deep nodules for culture are best aseptically obtained with an elliptical wedge biopsy
    • Cultures of the skin underneath adherent crusts or the expanding perimeter of an epidermal collarette can be swabbed with a culturette
    • Notify the reference laboratory on the type of culture(s) requested e.g., aerobic, anaerobic, mycobacterial, fungal

    Glucocorticoid Use

    • Glucocorticoid use is discouraged during treatment of pyoderma as it can alter the clinical appearance for both the owner and veterinarian
    • Oclacitinib should be considered for 3-7 days over glucocorticoids for dogs that are severely pruritic

    Pyotraumatic Dermatitis (Acute Moist Dermatitis, Hot Spots)

    • Pyotraumatic dermatitis is an acute and rapidly developing surface bacterial skin infection that occurs secondary to self-inflicted trauma
    • Lesions are created when the patient licks, chews, scratches, or rubs a focal area on its body
    • This is often a seasonal problem that becomes more common in hot, humid weather
    • Fleas are the most common initiating stimulus
    • Pyotraumatic dermatitis commonly occurs in dogs, especially thick-coated, long-haired breeds, and is rarely seen in cats

    Superficial Pyoderma (Superficial Bacterial Folliculitis)

    • Superficial pyoderma is a superficial bacterial infection involving hair follicles and the adjacent epidermis
    • The infection is almost always secondary to an underlying cause, with allergies and endocrine disease being the most common causes
    • Superficial pyoderma is one of the most common skin diseases in dogs but is rare in cats

    Mucocutaneous Pyoderma

    • Mucocutaneous pyoderma is a bacterial infection of mucocutaneous junctions
    • German Shepherds and their crosses may be predisposed, possibly associated with the ulcerative syndromes of German Shepherds
    • Lesions are characterized by mucocutaneous swelling, erythema, and crusting, often bilateral and sometimes symmetrical
    • Affected areas may be painful or pruritic, and self-traumatized, with potential exudation, erosion, ulceration, fissuring, and depigmentation
    • The margins of the lips, especially at the commissures, are most frequently affected

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • The initiating cause of furunculosis (e.g., food allergy, wet environment, dirty kennels, friction in short-coated breeds) should be identified and corrected
    • Pedal furunculosis is characterized by large, flaccid bullae in the interdigital spaces
    • They can include bruising of the surrounding tissue, a moist exudate, and bruising of the surrounding tissue
    • Expressed material includes an exudate with numerous hairs, which act as foreign bodies and a nidus for recurrent staphylococcal infections

    Treatment Recommendations

    • For mild to moderate pyoderma lesions, affected areas should be clipped and cleaned with shampoo containing chlorhexidine
    • Topical mupirocin ointment or cream should be applied every 12-24 hours for 1 week, followed by 3-7 days for maintenance therapy as needed
    • For severe pyoderma lesions, systemic antibiotics should be administered for 3-6 weeks, in addition to topical therapy
    • The prognosis for pyoderma is good if an underlying primary disease (e.g., allergy, endocrinopathy) can be identified and controlled, but lifelong maintenance therapy is often needed
    • Regular application of topical antibiotics may maintain remission

    Treatment for Severe Pyoderma

    • Steroid therapy (prednisolone 2-4mg/kg PO every 24 hours) should be administered
    • Significant improvement should be seen within 1-2 weeks
    • Once lesions resolve (≈2-3 weeks), the steroid dose should be gradually tapered to an alternate-day dose to maintain remission
    • In some dogs, steroid therapy can be discontinued over time

    Prognosis

    • The prognosis for pyoderma is good to fair
    • Lifelong medical therapy may be needed to maintain remission
    • Interdigital fibrosis may be a permanent sequela in chronic cases

    Controlling the Spread of Infection

    • Regularly pick up stool (dogs) or scoop litterbox (cats) of the affected pet and dispose of it in the trash can
    • Try to avoid pet daycare and public dog parks until the affected pet is cleared of the infection
    • Consult with your personal physician if any in-contact people develop skin lesions or sores (e.g., pimples, boils, swellings) or have concerns about your personal health

    Canine Pyoderma

    • A common bacterial skin infection in dogs
    • Most commonly caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
    • Often secondary to other diseases like demodicosis, allergies, or endocrine disorders
    • Can be caused by other Staphylococcus species as well: S. schleiferi, S. aureus, and S. lugdunensis
    • Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRS) is an increasing concern and often resists other antibiotics as well.

    Subcutaneous Abscess

    • A collection of pus under the skin, typically caused by a bite wound
    • Can be caused by various types of bacteria

    Botryomycosis

    • Known as bacterial pseudomycetoma or cutaneous bacterial granuloma
    • Caused by bacteria, but resembles a fungal infection
    • Usually affects dogs and horses

    L-Form Infection

    • A rare form of bacterial infection where bacteria lack a cell wall, making them resistant to antibiotics

    Actinomycosis

    • Caused by Actinomyces bacteria
    • Typically affects the mouth, but can spread to the skin
    • Characterized by slow-growing, draining lesions

    Nocardiosis

    • Caused by Nocardia bacteria
    • Primarily affects the lungs, but can cause skin infections as well
    • Characterized by abscesses and draining tracts

    Opportunistic Mycobacteriosis

    • Also called atypical mycobacterial granuloma and mycobacterial panniculitis
    • Occurs when Mycobacterium bacteria take advantage of a weakened immune system
    • Usually affects dogs and cats
    • Can cause skin lesions and abscesses

    Feline Leprosy Syndrome

    • A rare skin disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae
    • Commonly affects cats, but can also affect humans
    • Characterized by skin nodules and lesions

    Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome

    • Also known as canine leprosy
    • Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
    • Usually affects older dogs
    • Symptoms include skin lesions, alopecia, and nodules

    Tuberculosis

    • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Primarily affects the lungs, but can affect the skin
    • Characterized by ulcers and draining nodules

    Plague

    • Known as bubonic plague
    • Caused by Yersinia pestis
    • Found primarily in rodents
    • Can be transmitted to pets and humans
    • Characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, and chills

    Chin Pyoderma (Canine Acne)

    • A common bacterial infection of the hair follicles on the chin
    • More common in brachycephalic breeds
    • Characterized by red papules, pustules, and alopecia
    • Causes trauma and pressure to the chin
    • Can be treated with benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoos and topical antibiotics

    Skin Fold Dermatitis (Intertrigo, Skin Fold Pyoderma)

    • A bacterial skin infection in areas with skin folds
    • Occurs in dogs with excessive skin folds such as brachycephalic breeds, dogs with large lip flaps, and dogs with body folds
    • Obesity often contributes to the severity and recurrence
    • Facial fold dermatitis: Non-painful, non-pruritic, erythematous facial folds that may be malodorous.
    • Lip fold dermatitis: Fetid breath, macerated, erythematous lower lip folds
    • Tail fold dermatitis: Macerated, erythematous and malodorous skin under the tail
    • Vulvar fold dermatitis: Erythematous, macerated, and malodorous vulvar folds, excessive vulvar licking, painful urination, and potential urinary tract infections.
    • Body fold dermatitis: Erythematous, seborrheic, malodorous, and mildly pruritic truncal or leg folds
    • Treatment includes weight management, cleansing wipes, antibacterial shampoos, topical antibiotics, and surgical correction of excessive folds if necessary.

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • A common bacterial infection that is localized to the surface layers of the skin.
    • Usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
    • Often caused by underlying conditions like allergies, demodicosis, flea allergies, or endocrine disorders.
    • Characterized by papules, pustules, and crusts
    • Typically treated with systemic antibiotics and antibacterial shampoos
    • May be a recurring issue if the underlying condition is not addressed.

    Deep Pyoderma

    • A bacterial infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin
    • May result from untreated superficial pyoderma or underlying conditions
    • Typically affects dogs
    • Often caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
    • Characterized by nodules, abscesses, draining tracts, alopecia, and scarring
    • Treatment often requires systemic antibiotics and may include surgery

    Mucocutaneous Pyoderma

    • A bacterial infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes, often around the mouth, nose, and eyes
    • Typically a sign of an underlying immune system problem
    • Requires prompt treatment with systemic antibiotics and often other treatments depending on the underlying condition

    Nasal Pyoderma (Nasal Folliculitis and Furunculosis)

    • A bacterial infection of the hair follicles in the nose
    • Characterized by redness, swelling, papules, and pustules
    • Can be caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or other bacteria
    • Treatment often involves systemic antibiotics and topical medications

    Bacterial Pododermatitis

    • A bacterial infection of the paws
    • Usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or other bacteria
    • Often occurs in dogs who have been exposed to moisture, debris, or trauma
    • Can be a chronic condition and requires prompt treatment to prevent complications

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • A bacterial infection of the interdigital area of the paw
    • Characterized by bullae, pustules, and draining tracts
    • Often associated with moisture, allergies, or trauma
    • Requires treatment with systemic antibiotics and topical medications

    Bacterial Skin Infections

    • Systemic antibiotics are typically prescribed for treatment
    • Antibiotics given should match specific bacteria identified through a bacterial culture.
    • Culture and sensitivity testing on skin samples is important to determine the best antibiotic to use.

    Indications for Bacterial Skin Culture

    • Cases involving immune compromised individuals.
    • Lack of response to initial antibiotic therapy.
    • Deep skin lesions, such as draining tracts or nodules.
    • Previous systemic antibiotic use within the past 30 days.
    • Recurrent cases of superficial pyoderma.
    • Cases previously diagnosed with resistant bacterial infection.
    • Contact with a person who has a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
    • Recent hospitalization, surgical procedures, or indwelling devices.

    Zoonotic Potential:

    • Staphylococcus can be zoonotic, spreading from human to canine or vice-versa.
    • Individuals with weakened immune systems are most at risk.

    Treatment and Prognosis

    • Systemic antibiotics are typically used, often for 3-4 weeks.
    • Antibacterial shampoos can be helpful.
    • If lesions recur within 7 days, the therapy may have been insufficient and antibiotics should be reinstituted for a longer period.
    • Underlying causes should be identified and managed.

    Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy

    • First Line: **Amoxicillin clavulanate, cefadroxil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cephalexin, cefovecin, lincomycin, ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim–sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole. **
    • Second Line (Culture-Determined): Amikacin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, marbofloxacin, minocycline, orbifloxacin, pradofloxacin, or rifampin.

    Additional Considerations:

    • Dermatohistopathology (biopsy) can be used to investigate the infection details.
    • Promptly address any contributing factors, such as allergies, demodicosis, or other underlying diseases.
    • Prognosis is generally good with appropriate treatment, but lifelong maintenance may be needed for chronic cases.

    Key Facts

    • Staphylococcal infections are a major cause of skin disease in dogs.
    • Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRS) is becoming more common.
    • Bacterial skin infections can be zoonotic.
    • Culture and sensitivity testing is essential to determine the appropriate antibiotic.
    • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

    Deep Pyoderma

    • Deep pyoderma is characterized by focal, multifocal, or generalized lesions on the skin.
    • The lesions can manifest as papules, pustules, cellulitis, tissue discoloration, alopecia, hemorrhagic bullae, erosions, ulcers, and crusts.
    • Deep pyoderma often involves the trunk and pressure points but can occur anywhere on the body.
    • Lymphadenomegaly is common.
    • Deep pyoderma lesions are frequently pruritic or painful.
    • In severe cases, deep pyoderma can cause fever, anorexia, and depression.

    Causes of Deep Pyoderma

    • The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be a persistent, immune-mediated inflammatory response to keratin and triglycerides released from ruptured hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and the panniculus.
    • The condition often develops after an initial case of furunculosis has been resolved, and may be triggered by mechanical, infectious, parasitic, or allergic factors.

    Transmission and Risk Factors

    • Deep pyoderma is commonly caused by Staphylococcus, and MRSP (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a significant zoonotic concern.
    • MRSP transmission is mostly from humans to pets (reverse zoonosis), posing a risk for immunocompromised individuals.

    Signs and Symptoms

    • Lesions may have serosanguineous to purulent drainage.
    • Suppurative to pyogranulomatous inflammation with bacterial cocci or rods may be present.
    • Dermatohistopathology reveals deep suppurative to pyogranulomatous folliculitis, furunculosis, cellulitis, and panniculitis.

    Treatment and Prognosis

    • Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and providing antibacterial therapy.
    • The prognosis for deep pyoderma is generally good, but severe or chronic cases may lead to fibrosis, scarring, and permanent alopecia.

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • A common problem in short-coated breeds, this condition occurs as single or multiple, erythematous papules, firm to fluctuant nodules, or bullae on one or more feet.
    • Lesions are often located in interdigital areas and can be painful or pruritic.
    • Secondary bacterial and yeast infections are common.

    Botryomycosis

    • This condition is characterized by deep, draining lesions with superficial crust formation.
    • Lesions may be associated with moderate pain and lameness.
    • Purulent discharge may contain small, white granules, which are macroscopic colonies of bacteria.
    • Lesions typically develop slowly and can appear anywhere on the body.
    • Diagnosis is often confirmed through cytology, dermatohistopathology, and bacterial culture.

    Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

    • This is an acute and rapidly developing bacterial skin infection.
    • It occurs secondary to self-inflicted trauma.
    • The patient licks, chews, scratches, or rubs a focal area on its body in response to a pruritic or painful stimulus.
    • A common cause is fleas
    • More common in dogs, especially thick-coated, long-haired breeds.
    • It is rarely seen in cats.
    • It is characterized by an acutely pruritic, rapidly enlarging area of erythema, alopecia, and weepy, eroded skin with well-demarcated margins.
    • Cytology (pustule): neutrophils and bacterial cocci

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • A superficial bacterial infection involving hair follicles and the adjacent epidermis.
    • Almost always secondary to an underlying cause, allergies and endocrine disease being the most common.
    • One of the most common skin diseases in dogs but is rare in cats.
    • It is characterized by focal, multifocal, or generalized areas of papules, pustules, crusts, scales, and/or epidermal collarettes or circumscribed areas of erythema and alopecia that may have hyperpigmented centers.
    • Dermatohistopathology: follicular hyperkeratosis, folliculitis, or furunculosis.
    • Bacterial culture: primary pathogen is usually Staphylococcus.

    Chin Pyoderma

    • A facial bacterial skin infection that can be caused by trauma, allergies, or underlying medical conditions.
    • It is characterized by erythematous papular lesions with alopecia on the chin of an English bulldog.
    • The lesions can range from mild to severe, with severe lesions often associated with purulent exudate.

    Skin Fold Dermatitis

    • A common bacterial surface skin infection that occurs in dogs with excessive skin folds
    • Infection involves the facial folds of brachycephalic breeds, the lip folds of dogs with large lip flaps, the tail folds of brachycephalic breeds with “corkscrew” tails, the vulvar folds of females, and interdigital skin folds.
    • It is characterized by erythema, papules, pustules, erosion, crusting, and alopecia in skin folds
    • A weight reduction program should be initiated if the dog is obese.
    • Cleansing wipes used every 12 to 72 hours.

    Mucocutaneous Pyoderma

    • A bacterial skin infection that occurs on the mucocutaneous junctions of the body.
    • It is characterized by alopecia, erythema, erosion, ulcers, crusting, and exudate.
    • It is very similar clinically to Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.

    Nasal Pyoderma

    • A facial bacterial skin infection that may occur secondary to trauma or insect bites.
    • This disease may be closely associated with eosinophilic furunculosis.
    • The primary pathogen is usually Staphylococcus, but can be caused by other bacteria.
    • It is characterized by suppurative to pyogranulomatous perifolliculitis, folliculitis, furunculosis, and nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis.
    • MRSP is a potential zoonosis that is rapidly becoming a serious medical, ethical, and legal issue in veterinary medicine.

    Canine Pyoderma

    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause pyoderma in dogs
    • MRSA is a common cause of skin infections in humans, and the potential for transmission from dogs to humans (zoonosis) is a concern
    • MRSA pyoderma in dogs is clinically indistinguishable from other pyoderma cases
    • If a dog is suspected of having MRSA pyoderma, a bacterial culture with susceptibility testing is recommended
    • Simple hygienic measures can help reduce the risk of transmission of MRSA from dogs to humans, including isolating the pet from people at risk
    • Topical mupirocin should be avoided in dogs suspected of having MRSA pyoderma unless other topical treatments fail

    Treatment of Pyoderma

    • Systemic antibiotics are often necessary for the treatment of pyoderma
    • In cases of MRSA pyoderma, systemic antibiotics like linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin may be considered
    • Glucocorticoids should be avoided during treatment of pyoderma as they can alter the clinical picture
    • Topical treatments like chlorhexidine, benzoyl peroxide, and mupirocin can be used to treat pyoderma
    • Topical ceramide creams can help improve the skin barrier function

    Superficial Pyoderma

    • Superficial pyoderma is a common skin infection in dogs that affects the outer layers of the skin
    • Superficial pyoderma often presents with papules, pustules, crusts, and alopecia (hair loss)
    • Superficial pyoderma can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, endocrinopathies, and ectoparasites

    Deep Pyoderma

    • Deep pyoderma is a more serious infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin
    • Deep pyoderma is often characterized by nodules, ulcers, draining tracts, and cellulitis
    • Deep pyoderma can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, underlying disease, and immunosuppressive therapy
    • Treatment for deep pyoderma often involves systemic antibiotics and sometimes surgical intervention
    • The prognosis for deep pyoderma can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis

    • Canine pedal furunculosis is an inflammatory condition of the paws, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus
    • Pedal furunculosis can be caused by both superficial and deep infections, which can involve the skin, hair follicles, and subcutaneous tissues
    • Pedal furunculosis can result in interdigital bullae (fluid-filled blisters), swelling, and crusting in the paw area.
    • Treatment of pedal furunculosis is often associated with antibiotics and addressing any underlying causes of infection.

    Canine Pyoderma

    • Occurs when the skin is infected by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
    • Often a secondary effect to other diseases like demodicosis, allergies, and hormonal imbalances
    • Can be resistant to antibiotics like methicillin

    Pyotraumatic Dermatitis (Hot Spots)

    • An acute and rapidly developing bacterial skin infection that occurs due to self-inflicted trauma
    • Most commonly caused by licking, chewing, scratching or rubbing in response to itching or pain
    • Most commonly happens to dogs, especially thick-coated, long-haired breeds
    • Can be caused by fleas

    Subcutaneous Abscess

    • Caused by a fight between animals, which results in an infection

    Botryomycosis (Bacterial Pseudomycetoma, Cutaneous Bacterial Granuloma)

    • Bacterial infection that can result in a fungal-like growth in the affected area

    L-Form Infection

    • A type of bacterial infection that is difficult to treat with antibiotics
    • Can be caused by improper antibiotic use

    Actinomycosis

    • A bacterial infection that affects primarily the head and neck

    Nocardiosis

    • A bacterial infection that commonly affects the lungs

    Opportunistic Mycobacteriosis (Atypical Mycobacterial Granuloma, Mycobacterial Panniculitis)

    • A bacterial infection that commonly affects immunocompromised animals

    Feline Leprosy Syndrome

    • A bacterial infection that is rare in cats

    Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome (Canine Leprosy)

    • A bacterial infection that is rare in dogs

    Tuberculosis

    • A bacterial infection that affects the respiratory system

    Plague

    • A bacterial infection that is spread by fleas and can be fatal

    Bacterial Pododermatitis

    • A deep infection in the feet that commonly occurs secondary to other diseases
    • Can affect one or multiple feet, and may cause inflammation, swelling, sores, pain, and lameness

    Canine Pedal Furunculosis (Interdigital Bullae, Interdigital Pyogranuloma)

    • A bacterial infection that affects the toes and spaces between the toes in dogs
    • Can cause swelling, redness, and sores

    Canine Pyoderma

    • Canine pyoderma is a bacterial infection that affects the skin.
    • It is classified by the depth of infection (surface, superficial, deep).
    • Superficial pyoderma is commonly seen in young dogs before puberty.
    • Deep pyoderma is characterized by furunculosis and cellulitis and is often preceded by a history of chronic superficial skin disease.
    • MRSP (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a common bacterium isolated from canine pyoderma and can be a zoonosis.
    • Clinical signs of pyoderma include erythema, surface exudate, crusts, erosions, excoriations, papules, pustules, and alopecia.
    • Treatment for pyoderma includes addressing any underlying causes, topical therapy with antibacterial shampoos, ointments, or creams, and systemic antibiotics if necessary.

    Impetigo

    • Impetigo is a superficial bacterial infection of non-haired skin.
    • It is often associated with predisposing diseases, such as ectoparasitism, poor nutrition, or a dirty environment.
    • It is characterized by small nonfollicular pustules, papules, and crusts limited to the inguinal and axillary skin.
    • Treatment typically involves topical antibiotics and cleaning affected areas with antibacterial shampoo.
    • The prognosis is good.

    Deep Pyoderma

    • Deep pyoderma is a more serious form of pyoderma.
    • It involves a deeper infection of the skin, leading to furunculosis and cellulitis.
    • It is often associated with underlying conditions, such as chronic superficial skin disease, allergies, or endocrinopathies.
    • MRSP is a common cause of deep pyoderma.
    • Treatment for deep pyoderma is more aggressive and may involve systemic antibiotics, addressing underlying causes, and surgical intervention in some cases.
    • The prognosis for deep pyoderma is generally good, but it can be more challenging to treat and may result in scarring or alopecia in severe cases.

    Treatment for Pyoderma

    • Topical treatments for pyoderma include antibacterial shampoos, mousses, foams, sprays, rinses, ointments, creams, gels, and wipes.
    • Common active ingredients in topical treatments include chlorhexidine.
    • Systemic antibiotics are often used for more severe cases of pyoderma or when topical treatments are ineffective.
    • When MRSP is suspected, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing are necessary to guide antibiotic selection.
    • Owners should be educated about the potential zoonotic nature of MRSP and appropriate hygiene measures.
    • In areas with high rates of MRSP infection, it's important to take extra precautions to prevent the spread of bacteria.

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    Description

    This quiz covers two conditions in veterinary dermatology: Impetigo and Postgrooming Furunculosis. Learn about their characteristics, symptoms, treatments, and the importance of managing predisposing factors to ensure the health of dogs. Ideal for veterinary students and professionals.

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