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Questions and Answers
What is the primary bacterial organism associated with impetigo?
Which of the following clinical features is characteristic of impetigo?
What should be done if impetigo lesions do not resolve with topical therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for impetigo?
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Which area of the body is most commonly affected by impetigo?
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How often should affected areas be cleaned when treating impetigo?
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What is the prognosis for a dog diagnosed with impetigo?
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What type of lesions are found in impetigo?
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What is the initial dosage of medication for dogs greater than 10 kg?
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What condition may be mistakenly ruled out due to its similar symptoms?
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Following clinical resolution, how should cyclosporine be adjusted?
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What is a key feature in the development of interdigital bullae?
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What additional treatment may help reduce the dosage of cyclosporine?
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What is the dosage of doxycycline suggested for administration until a response occurs?
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What underlying disease may worsen the severity and recurrence of lesions?
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What type of inflammation is typically observed in cytology during diagnosis?
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What is the typical time frame for the onset of postgrooming furunculosis after exposure to grooming products or water immersion?
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Which of the following clinical signs is NOT commonly associated with postgrooming furunculosis?
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What is the minimum duration systemic antibiotics are recommended to be administered for treating postgrooming furunculosis?
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What is the most common isolate identified in postgrooming furunculosis?
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In what situation should a bacterial culture and susceptibility testing be performed during treatment of postgrooming furunculosis?
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What is a recommended approach if antibiotic resistance is suspected during the treatment of postgrooming furunculosis?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a differential diagnosis for postgrooming furunculosis?
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What type of solution is suggested for daily warm water soaks or whirlpool baths to assist with postgrooming furunculosis?
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What is a primary viral pathogen associated with nasal pyoderma in dogs?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for nasal pyoderma?
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What is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic treatment in nasal pyoderma?
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What kind of skin lesions are characteristic of nasal pyoderma?
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Which treatment is suggested to manage the crusts associated with nasal pyoderma?
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Which statement about treatment prognosis for nasal pyoderma is accurate?
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Which breed demonstrates a higher incidence of nasal pyoderma?
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What is one of the key clinical features of nasal pyoderma in dogs?
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What is the primary cause of subcutaneous abscesses in cats and dogs?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with subcutaneous abscesses?
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Which diagnostic method can help clarify the mixed bacterial population in an abscess?
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What is a common site for the development of subcutaneous abscesses in animals?
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What is the recommended treatment for a subcutaneous abscess?
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In which demographic is the occurrence of subcutaneous abscesses most common?
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Why should ruptured lesions not be treated by internal rupture?
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Which of the following conditions can mimic the appearance of subcutaneous abscesses?
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What method is recommended for obtaining deep nodules for culture?
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Which of the following antibiotics is discouraged as a first-line treatment due to its classification?
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What should be done when the dog exhibits severe pruritus during the treatment of pyoderma?
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What is required to determine clindamycin susceptibility in staphylococci that are resistant to erythromycin?
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Why is the use of topical mupirocin ointment discouraged in canine MRS pyoderma?
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What should be ensured near the end of the treatment schedule for pyoderma?
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Which topical product is noted for its potential non-antibacterial benefits in treating pyoderma?
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For cultures of the skin under adherent crusts, what method should be utilized?
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What is a common underlying factor that may predispose dogs to develop impetigo?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with the lesions found in impetigo?
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What is an appropriate treatment if impetigo lesions are few in number?
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What type of bacteria is predominantly indicated in the culture results for impetigo?
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Which of the following methods is crucial for the effective management of impetigo?
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What is a probable outcome if predisposing factors for impetigo are not addressed?
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In cases of impetigo, how long should topical antibiotics be applied for optimal results?
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Which of these conditions is a differential diagnosis for impetigo?
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What is the most common underlying cause of superficial pyoderma in dogs?
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Which of the following cytological findings would you expect in a case of superficial pyoderma?
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What type of skin lesions are characteristic of superficial pyoderma?
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Which diagnostic method would provide more specific information for a case of superficial pyoderma?
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Which statement about the presentation of superficial pyoderma in dogs is accurate?
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Which condition can be mistaken for superficial pyoderma due to similar clinical presentation?
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Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis for superficial pyoderma?
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What is the primary method used to rule out other conditions when diagnosing superficial pyoderma?
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What is a recommended treatment strategy to prevent antibiotic resistance in superficial pyoderma?
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Which factor is least likely to be a risk factor for the development of superficial pyoderma?
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Which areas are recommended for culturing patients to screen for multidrug-resistant staphylococci?
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What additional precaution should be taken when dogs visit older or sick individuals to prevent zoonosis?
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Which characteristic finding is typical of pyoderma in short-coated dog breeds?
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What is the benefit of practicing good hygiene, such as hand washing, in the context of superficial pyoderma?
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What should be maximized when administering antibiotics in treating superficial pyoderma?
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What condition may become a significant problem in certain regions of the United States in relation to pyoderma?
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What characteristic is NOT commonly associated with deep pyoderma in dogs?
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Which method is essential for veterinarians to manage the risk of zoonosis in immunocompromised individuals?
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What principle should be followed when dealing with MRS cases in pets?
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What factor increases the likelihood of methicillin resistance in canine bacteria?
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Which symptom is least likely to be associated with a septic animal suffering from deep pyoderma?
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In the context of MRS, which statement about transmission is accurate?
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What is a critical preventive measure for families with immunocompromised individuals and a pet diagnosed with MRS?
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Which of the following is an important observation during the examination of a pet with deep pyoderma?
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Which patient history is commonly associated with deep pyoderma?
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What is the typical primary pathogen associated with deep pyoderma in dogs?
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What classification of bacteria is commonly isolated from mixed infections in deep pyoderma?
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Which feature is critical in the management of deep pyoderma?
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In what demographic is deep pyoderma most commonly observed?
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What is the significance of S. pseudintermedius in the context of pyoderma?
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What additional treatment consideration is important due to MRSP?
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What is a common characteristic of lesions observed in superficial pyoderma?
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Mucocutaneous pyoderma is most commonly characterized by which type of lesion?
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Which animal breed could potentially be predisposed to developing mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What is indicated as a treatment step for mild to moderate mucocutaneous pyoderma lesions?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of lesions associated with mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What differentiates mucocutaneous pyoderma from superficial pyoderma?
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For severe lesions of mucocutaneous pyoderma, what is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic treatment?
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Which of the following treatments can help maintain remission of mucocutaneous pyoderma when regularly applied?
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What is a significant aspect influencing the prognosis for a dog with mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What underlying condition may contribute to the development of bacterial pododermatitis in dogs?
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Which clinical feature is commonly seen in bacterial pododermatitis?
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What is a potential cause of pedal furunculosis in dogs?
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What type of lesions are associated with severe cases of bacterial pododermatitis?
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Which environmental condition is likely to exacerbate bacterial infections in the interdigital space of dogs?
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What distinguishes a bacterial infection in the interdigital space from yeast dermatitis?
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What clinical sign might a veterinarian observe when inspecting a dog with bacterial pododermatitis?
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Which condition can worsen a dog's bacterial pododermatitis due to self-trauma?
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Which condition shares clinical features similar to nasal pyoderma but has lesions on the nasal planum?
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What is the primary pathogen often involved in nasal pyoderma cases in dogs?
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In the treatment of nasal pyoderma, what is the suggested method for cleaning affected areas?
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What is a key consideration in the prognosis for dogs treated for nasal pyoderma?
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What is one of the common clinical signs you'd expect to see in nasal pyoderma in dogs?
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Which of the following best describes the lesions associated with nasal pyoderma?
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Which condition may also present with crusting and alopecia on the nose but is unrelated to bacterial infections?
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What is the recommended duration for administering systemic antibiotics in cats with nasal pyoderma?
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What is a common result of rupturing a lesion internally in the context of pedal furunculosis?
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Which animal demographic is particularly prone to developing subcutaneous abscesses?
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In the diagnosis of subcutaneous abscesses, which method can clarify the presence of a mixed bacterial population?
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What is the recommended duration for administering systemic antibiotics for treating a subcutaneous abscess?
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What is a classic clinical sign of a subcutaneous abscess in cats and dogs?
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Which clinical feature is often associated with subcutaneous abscesses in animals?
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Which of the following conditions should be considered as a differential diagnosis for subcutaneous abscesses?
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What is the significance of correctly cleaning an abscess with a chlorhexidine solution?
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What procedure is recommended for obtaining deep nodules for culture?
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When treating pyoderma, why is the use of glucocorticoids discouraged?
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What is necessary to determine clindamycin susceptibility in resistant staphylococci?
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Why should topical mupirocin ointment be avoided in canine MRS pyoderma?
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What is a critical consideration when swabbing cultured skin under adherent crusts?
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Which topical formulations are noted for having a longer treatment effect?
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What is recommended when a dog exhibits severe pruritus during pyoderma treatment?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding topical ceramide creams in relation to pyoderma treatment?
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What is the primary trigger for the development of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is the recommended approach when treating severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which factor can exacerbate the occurrence of pyotraumatic dermatitis in pets?
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What is an essential part of the management strategy for pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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How long should systemic antibiotic therapy typically continue in cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis with secondary infection?
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What clinical feature is commonly observed in pyotraumatic dermatitis lesions?
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Which type of medication is generally prescribed to address inflammation in pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What should be ensured for optimal recovery in cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is the primary reason for selecting antibiotics based on in vitro sensitivity results?
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Which of the following describes an appropriate adjunctive therapy for treating skin conditions?
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What method is suggested for removing ingrown hairs in interdigital bullae treatments?
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What is the function of cleansing wipes in dermatological care?
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What is a significant legal and ethical concern related to MRSP?
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Which solution is suggested for topical applications when managing lesions in animals?
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What type of bacteria is commonly associated with mixed bacterial infections in dermatological conditions?
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What should be the frequency of applying topical treatments for lesions until resolution?
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What type of infection is skin fold dermatitis primarily classified as?
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What is the recommended action for dogs that are overweight to help manage skin fold dermatitis?
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Which antibiotic treatment is typically recommended for moderate to severe chin pyoderma?
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What is the primary pathogen often involved in skin infections like chin pyoderma?
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What is an important aspect of treating mild lesions in chin pyoderma?
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What should be done after the initial resolution of lesions in chin pyoderma?
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Which of the following is NOT recommended for cleaning the area affected by skin fold dermatitis?
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Which of the following can complicate the clinical picture in chin pyoderma?
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What is the initial steroid dosage for treating canine pedal furunculosis?
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What should be done once lesions from pedal furunculosis have resolved?
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What is a common secondary complication of canine pedal furunculosis?
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What environmental factors may contribute to the onset of furunculosis in dogs?
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What is the typical time frame for significant improvement after starting steroid treatment for pedal furunculosis?
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What type of dermatitis is associated with canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is the prognosis for dogs diagnosed with pedal furunculosis?
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What should be ensured about the furunculosis's initiating cause during treatment?
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What is the typical treatment approach for surface pyoderma?
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Which of the following clinical features is NOT typically observed in superficial pyoderma?
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What is the common treatment recommendation for clinical entities like impetigo?
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What is a characteristic lesion associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is a recommended maintenance therapy after controlled superficial bacterial infections?
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What is the depth of infection characterized by papules and pustules?
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When is screening for MRS in clinically healthy pets considered necessary?
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Which of the following topical treatment options is noted to be effective for managing pyoderma?
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What is a potential reason for the development of canine pedal furunculosis?
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Which treatment option is appropriate for solitary lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?
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How often should cleansing wipes be applied to manage lesions effectively?
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What indicates the resolution of lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is a common complication associated with lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?
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Which of the following substances might be combined for topical treatment of developing bullae?
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What are the exudates from lesions in canine pedal furunculosis typically characterized as?
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What is the expected response time for treatment initiation to show benefits in canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is essential to ensure before treating canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is the recommended steroid dosage for canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is the significance of conducting microbial cultures in biopsy specimens for diagnosing pedal furunculosis?
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What should be done after significant improvement is observed in canine pedal furunculosis treatment?
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What is a common characteristic of secondary infections associated with pedal furunculosis?
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What may occur in chronic cases of canine pedal furunculosis?
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What does a negative result from microbial cultures suggest in the context of pedal furunculosis?
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How long does it typically take to see significant improvement after starting treatment for pedal furunculosis?
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What is a recommended treatment method for mild lesions associated with chin pyoderma?
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Which bacteria is commonly the primary pathogen in chin pyoderma?
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What additional intervention is required for moderate to severe lesions of chin pyoderma?
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What is one effective method for managing skin fold dermatitis in dogs?
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What is an important consideration to prevent future lesions when treating chin pyoderma?
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What is the primary reason lancing a subcutaneous abscess is recommended?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of skin fold dermatitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a common location for subcutaneous abscesses in animals?
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Which procedure is suggested to ensure effective treatment of a subcutaneous abscess?
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What role does weight management play in treating skin fold dermatitis?
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What is the typical frequency for applying mupirocin ointment for chin pyoderma?
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What type of inflammation is primarily seen in cytology from a subcutaneous abscess diagnosis?
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What type of diagnostic method can be used to clarify bacterial types in infected lesions?
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What is a common systemic effect observed in animals with subcutaneous abscesses?
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Which situation is a primary differentiating factor when diagnosing a subcutaneous abscess?
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What characterizes the typical drainage from a ruptured subcutaneous abscess?
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What is the most common location for pyotraumatic dermatitis lesions to occur?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically advised to be avoided in managing pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is a characteristic feature of the lesions observed in pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a common cause of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What diagnostic method is primarily used to evaluate the inflammation associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which of the following treatments should be implemented if pruritus is deemed mild?
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What is the recommended approach if multiple lesions are observed in a patient suspected of having pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which of the following specific types of bacteria is likely observed in cytology when diagnosing pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is the minimum duration for administering appropriate antibiotics or antifungal medications if draining lesions become secondarily infected?
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Which treatment method may be curative for solitary lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?
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Which clinical feature is characteristic of canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is the recommended procedure for preventing the recurrence of pedal furunculosis?
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What is indicated for developing bullae in canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is a recommended method for preventing new interdigital bullae in dogs?
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Which underlying condition may contribute to the recurrence of bacterial pododermatitis in dogs?
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What type of lesions can develop in canine pedal furunculosis with chronicity?
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What is a radical surgical option available for severe cases of pododermatitis?
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What is a common complication associated with canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is a possible hypothesis for the etiology of sterile pedal furunculosis?
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What is a common characteristic of interdigital bullae in short-coated dog breeds?
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What environmental condition contributes to foot trauma in dogs?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a potential cause of secondary bacterial pododermatitis?
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What is one of the potential consequences if underlying causes of pododermatitis are not addressed?
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What additional condition may accompany interdigital bullae in affected dogs?
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What is the primary bacterial organism typically isolated from canine deep pyoderma?
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What type of skin condition typically precedes the development of deep pyoderma?
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Which of the following factors is essential to manage when treating deep pyoderma?
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Which skin lesion characteristic is typically associated with folliculitis in dogs with allergic reactions?
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What should be considered when diagnosing deep pyoderma in dogs?
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What is the primary concern regarding MRSP in veterinary medicine?
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Which symptom is commonly observed in cases of superficial pyoderma due to secondary infection?
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What is a key indication of a chronic and recurrent bacterial infection in cases of superficial pyoderma?
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What is the most likely cause of subcutaneous abscesses in cats and dogs?
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Which clinical sign is commonly observed in animals with subcutaneous abscesses?
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Which diagnostic technique is least likely to be helpful in diagnosing a subcutaneous abscess?
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What should be the first step in treating a subcutaneous abscess?
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Regional lymphadenomegaly is commonly associated with which condition?
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What is a potential risk of rupturing a lesion internally related to pedal furunculosis?
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In which demographic is the occurrence of subcutaneous abscesses most frequently observed?
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What is one reason that a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis might be advantageous for diagnosing subcutaneous abscesses?
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What is the primary reason for ensuring good infection control practices in cases of pyoderma?
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Which bacterial species is emerging as a common isolate in chronic canine pyoderma cases?
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In the case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (human MRS), what action is advised when assessing risks in veterinary patients?
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What should be taken into account when determining if a patient is at risk of infection from MRSP?
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Which potential complication arises from secondary bacterial infection associated with endocrine disease in dogs?
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What complication can arise if subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics are utilized?
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Which of the following is true about pruritus in long-coated dogs with skin issues?
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What is a serious concern regarding MRSP in veterinary medicine?
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What is the primary consideration for managing the hygiene of both the affected pet and the household members?
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What should be done if a pet is receiving topical treatments for skin infections?
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Which of the following practices should Pet Owners avoid to prevent the spread of infections?
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Which of the following is not an advisable hygienic recommendation for handling an affected pet?
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What role do underlying medical or surgical conditions play in managing bacterial infections in pets?
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What should not be done to prevent the potential transmission of infections through the affected pet?
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In managing methicillin-resistant infections, which of the following practices is emphasized for pet owners?
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Which practice is recommended when treating the affected pet's wounds?
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Which method is often used to determine the bacterial composition in an abscess?
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What is the common consequence of rupturing a lesion internally in an abscess?
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Which characteristic is typically associated with subcutaneous abscesses in animals?
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What is the best initial treatment approach for a subcutaneous abscess?
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Which clinical finding may indicate a systemic response to a subcutaneous abscess?
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What is a common differential diagnosis for a subcutaneous abscess?
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What underlying condition can complicate the diagnosis of a subcutaneous abscess?
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Where are subcutaneous abscesses most commonly located on animals?
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What should be assumed if lesions do not respond to antibiotic therapy?
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What is a recommended approach to managing antibiotic-resistant infections?
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Which factor is important for determining the effectiveness of treatment for pyoderma?
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What can exacerbate antibiotic-resistant skin infections?
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What key indicator suggests that the organism causing pyoderma may be antibiotic-resistant?
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What is crucial for improving prognosis in cases of superficial pyoderma?
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What might indicate a skin infection is prevalent in a bacterial community resistant to multiple drugs?
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Which condition is associated with the possible development of antibiotic resistance in pyoderma patients?
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What is the primary pathogen usually associated with nasal pyoderma?
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Which condition is considered a differential diagnosis for nasal pyoderma in dogs?
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What is advised for the treatment of crusting associated with nasal pyoderma?
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In managing nasal pyoderma, how long should systemic antibiotics be administered?
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What potential outcome may occur in some dogs after treatment for nasal pyoderma?
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Which of the following is a common clinical feature seen in nasal pyoderma?
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Which statement is true regarding the occurrence of nasal pyoderma in cats?
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What initial step is essential in the treatment of nasal pyoderma?
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What is a significant factor that contributes to the development of pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?
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Which treatment is recommended for managing severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What should be done if a pet displays skin lesions after contact with an infected animal?
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What is a primary characteristic of pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?
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What is an important component of managing pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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In severe cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis, systemic antibiotic therapy should be continued for how long?
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What is a potential zoonotic concern associated with MRSP?
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What is the recommended frequency for applying topical treatments for pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which of the following breeds is more prone to developing pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What method is suggested to prevent recurrence of interdigital bullae?
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Which of the following adjunctive therapies might be beneficial for managing surgical wounds from bullae?
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Which procedure is suggested for the management of ruptured hair follicles and ingrown hairs?
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What should be avoided when treating canine MRS pyoderma due to its possible impact on clinical evaluation?
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What solution is recommended for daily foot soaks to assist in the management of interdigital infections?
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What is the purpose of a D-test in the context of antibiotic susceptibility?
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What is the character of inflammation typically seen in the dermatopathology of furunculosis?
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What method is recommended for culture collection from deep nodules?
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Why might intralesional bacteria be difficult to find during diagnosis?
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What type of treatment method should be considered if a dog is severely pruritic instead of using glucocorticoids?
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In the context of pyoderma treatment, what is true about topical formulations that are not rinsed off?
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How often are topical applications of DMSO and steroids recommended during the management of lesions?
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Which antibiotics are categorized as last resort treatments and should not be first-line options for patients?
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When acquiring cultures from the skin beneath adherent crusts, what is the correct procedure?
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What should be ensured near the completion of a pyoderma treatment schedule?
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What is the appropriate action to take if lesions recur within 7 days of antibiotic discontinuation?
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Which group of individuals is at the highest risk for zoonotic transmission from affected pets?
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Concurrent bathing with antibacterial shampoo is suggested for managing which skin condition?
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What is the recommended minimum duration for systemic antibiotics in the treatment of deep pyoderma?
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In addition to antibiotics, what must be addressed if lesions do not improve?
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What type of antibacterial agent is suggested for concurrent use with systemic antibiotics in treating skin conditions?
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Which of the following is a common underlying disease that can exacerbate skin lesions?
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What should be avoided to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission from an affected pet?
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Which of the following is NOT a first-line empiric antimicrobial therapy for bacterial skin infections in dogs?
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What is the dosage of Cefadroxil recommended for dogs receiving first-line treatment for bacterial skin infections?
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In which scenario is bacterial skin culture most strongly indicated?
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Which antimicrobial therapy is considered second-line culture-determined for resistant bacterial infections?
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What is the significance of systemic antibiotics having been administered to a patient within the past 30 days?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for using topical mupirocin ointment in treating pyoderma?
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What should be the focus when dealing with the treatment of lesions in dogs demonstrating Acral lick dermatitis?
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For cultures obtained from lesions under adherent crusts, what method should be recommended?
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Which of the following systemic therapies is suggested for canine skin infections associated with methicillin-resistant staphylococci?
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Which characteristic skin change may NOT be observed in a dog with pyoderma?
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Which antibiotic is strongly discouraged because it is considered a last resort in humans?
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What is the best method for obtaining deep nodules for culture?
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Why should glucocorticoid use be discouraged during treatment of pyoderma?
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What is required to test for clindamycin susceptibility in resistant staphylococci?
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Which topical treatment should be avoided unless other options have failed in canine MRS pyoderma?
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How often should patients be reexamined near the end of the treatment schedule for pyoderma?
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Which product helps improve the barrier function of the skin but is not antibacterial?
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What should the reference laboratory be informed about regarding the type of cultures requested?
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What should be done to limit the spread of infection from an affected pet?
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What is a common initiating stimulus for pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?
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What is a characteristic feature of the lesions caused by pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What treatment may be prescribed if pruritus from pyotraumatic dermatitis is severe?
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What potential outcome is expected if the underlying cause of pyotraumatic dermatitis is managed effectively?
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Which of the following is inappropriate when handling an infection in a pet?
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How long should systemic antibiotic therapy for pyotraumatic dermatitis be continued?
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Which breed is most commonly associated with developing pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What underlying conditions are frequently associated with the development of superficial pyoderma?
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Which diagnostic method is least effective for identifying intralesional bacteria in cases of superficial pyoderma?
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What is the primary characteristic of mucocutaneous pyoderma lesions?
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Which breed is mentioned as possibly predisposed to mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What type of skin lesions are characteristic of superficial pyoderma?
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What is the recommended frequency for applying topical mupirocin ointment after the initial week of treatment?
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Why is it important to distinguish superficial pyoderma from other skin diseases?
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For severe cases of mucocutaneous pyoderma, what is an additional treatment alongside topical therapy?
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In cases where superficial pyoderma presents with numerous pustules, what specific cytological finding would you expect?
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What is a major differential diagnosis for superficial pyoderma?
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What underlying conditions may affect the prognosis of mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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Which of the following conditions is not listed as a differential for mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What appearance of hair is commonly observed in dogs with superficial pyoderma?
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Topical cleaning of affected areas for mucocutaneous pyoderma should be done using what type of product?
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of superficial pyoderma?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What is the appropriate time frame to observe significant improvement after starting steroid treatment for pedal furunculosis?
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What is the recommended dosage range for prednisolone when treating pedal furunculosis?
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What should be done once the lesions of pedal furunculosis have resolved?
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What additional factor contributes to the complications associated with pedal furunculosis in dogs?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor the clinician should correct when treating pedal furunculosis?
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What is the prognosis for dogs suffering from pedal furunculosis?
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What is a common sequela associated with chronic cases of pedal furunculosis?
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Which statement is true regarding microbial cultures from biopsy specimens in pedal furunculosis?
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What measure should be taken regarding interactions between an infected pet and at-risk individuals?
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What is the minimum duration for systemic antibiotics in treating skin infections?
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In what situation should antibiotic therapy be reevaluated according to response?
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What bath frequency is recommended for affected individuals undergoing treatment?
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What is a potential underlying condition that may aggravate skin infections?
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What should be done if a pet has an open draining wound?
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Which class of medications may suppress the immune system as a risk factor for skin infections?
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What is an important recommendation for managing shared household items with an affected pet?
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Which type of pyoderma is specifically associated with underlying conditions such as demodicosis and allergic skin disease?
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What is the significance of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in canine pyoderma?
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What condition is characterized by pyogenic cutaneous bacterial infections in dogs?
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Which staphylococcal species is most commonly associated with canine pyoderma?
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Which of the following is NOT a common underlying disease process leading to canine pyoderma?
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What is an example of a bacterial infection that can lead to tissue necrosis and is often associated with animal bites or fights?
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Which term refers to the inflammation of the skin folds in animals, often leading to pyoderma-like symptoms?
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Which of the following conditions is a mycobacterial infection that can resemble pyoderma in presentation?
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What is the primary treatment for mild lesions associated with chin pyoderma?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of skin fold dermatitis?
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In the treatment of moderate to severe chin pyoderma lesions, what additional therapy is recommended?
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What is a common challenge faced when diagnosing follicular infections such as folliculitis?
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What is an appropriate method for cleansing areas affected by skin fold dermatitis?
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What is a recommended frequency for applying mupirocin ointment during the treatment of chin pyoderma until lesions resolve?
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Why is minimizing trauma and pressure to the chin crucial during treatment for chin pyoderma?
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What involves mixed bacterial infections in skin diseases like chin pyoderma?
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What is a potential indication for performing a bacterial skin culture?
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Which of the following is a first-line empiric antimicrobial therapy for bacterial skin infections in dogs?
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What is a characteristic feature of Acral lick dermatitis?
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Which systemic antimicrobial is administered at the highest dosage for bacterial skin infections?
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What type of lesions should be prioritized for culture in the event of a bacterial skin infection?
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In what scenario should second-line culture-determined antimicrobial therapy be considered?
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Which of the following is NOT a suggested indication for bacterial skin cultures?
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What is the recommended route for administering Cefpodoxime proxetil?
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Which statement regarding the use of topical therapies in bacterial skin infections is most accurate?
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What adjunctive treatment option may help achieve better outcomes in dermatological conditions?
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What is the primary treatment approach for facial fold dermatitis in dogs?
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Which of the following factors is NOT commonly associated with exacerbating lip fold dermatitis?
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How frequently should the affected area be cleaned when treating tail fold dermatitis?
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What are common symptoms of vulvar fold dermatitis in dogs?
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What is the prognosis for dogs with skin fold dermatitis if surgical correction is not performed?
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What is the most common secondary condition that may arise from vulvar fold dermatitis?
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What is a significant differential diagnosis that should be ruled out when assessing a dog for vulvar fold dermatitis?
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Which diagnostic method is appropriate for confirming a diagnosis of skin fold dermatitis?
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Immunocompromised individuals should take which precaution when interacting with pets diagnosed with MRS?
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What is a significant risk factor that may lead to methicillin resistance in S.pseudintermedius and S.schleiferi?
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Which clinical signs are indicative of deep pyoderma in pets?
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In cases of pyoderma, what standard practice should veterinarians follow to ensure infection control?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for MRS in veterinary practice?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with septic animals having deep pyoderma?
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What aspect should be emphasized when treating a known MRS-positive patient?
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What is the recommended action if a pet with deep pyoderma has open draining wounds?
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What type of inflammation is typically observed in cases of deep pyoderma?
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What may result from premature discontinuation of antibiotic therapy for deep pyoderma?
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Which of the following clinical signs is NOT typical of deep pyoderma?
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Which opportunistic pathogen is mentioned as causing infection at a surgical site in cases of deep pyoderma?
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What are possible permanent sequelae in severe or chronic cases of deep pyoderma?
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Which statement is true regarding the lesions associated with deep pyoderma?
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Which feature distinguishes deep pyoderma from superficial pyoderma?
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Why might intralesional bacteria be difficult to identify in deep pyoderma cases?
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What type of inflammation is likely observed in cytology when diagnosing botryomycosis?
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Which diagnostic method can provide a definitive causative organism for botryomycosis?
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Which of the following factors is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for botryomycosis?
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What characteristic of lesions associated with botryomycosis contributes to their diagnosis?
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In the context of botryomycosis, which bacterial species is least likely to be isolated from cultures?
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What is the recommended method for addressing underlying causes of skin lesions in veterinary medicine?
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Which cleaning method is suggested for preventing recurrence of skin lesions?
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What potential zoonotic concern is associated with an increase in MRSP cases?
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What factors contribute to the challenge of identifying intralesional bacteria in dermatological cases?
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What is a recommended topical treatment for developing bullae in veterinary care?
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Which adjunctive topical therapy may be considered useful for treating pyoderma?
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What common feature can complicate the management of infections associated with hair follicles?
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What is the frequency at which cleansing wipes should be used for effective treatment?
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What is the minimum duration for administering antibiotics or antifungal medications if draining lesions are secondarily infected?
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Which method is suggested for the treatment of solitary lesions in canine pedal furunculosis?
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What type of lesions characterize canine pedal furunculosis?
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What should be applied to resolve developing bullae in canine pedal furunculosis?
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What common issue occurs in dogs with interdigital bullae and short-coated breeds?
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How often should cleansing wipes be used for managing lesions effectively?
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What is a potential benefit of using combination tetracycline and niacinamide for treatment?
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What common dermatological issue may present with drainage and ulceration similar to canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is the primary initiating stimulus of pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?
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What is the significance of weather conditions in the prevalence of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which treatment approach is recommended for severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic therapy in the treatment of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which breed type is most commonly affected by pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What should be done if the central lesion of pyotraumatic dermatitis is surrounded by additional skin lesions?
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What steps should be taken to limit the spread of infection in pets with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is one of the key clinical features of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What should be done to prevent future lesions in mild cases of chin pyoderma?
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What is the primary pathogen associated with skin fold dermatitis?
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For moderate to severe chin pyoderma lesions, what additional treatment should be administered along with topical options?
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How often should mupirocin ointment or benzoyl peroxide gel be applied after lesions resolve in chin pyoderma?
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Which of the following features is characteristic of superficial pyoderma?
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Which cleaning method is suggested for managing skin fold dermatitis?
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What is one of the most common underlying causes of superficial pyoderma in dogs?
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What is an important first step in treating obesity-related skin fold dermatitis issues?
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What is the role of scrubbing the affected area in mild chin pyoderma lesions?
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What type of cells are typically observed in cytology for diagnosing superficial pyoderma?
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Which diagnostic approach is essential for confirming superficial pyoderma?
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What immediate action should be taken for lesions that have not improved with usual topical treatments?
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Which of the following differs from the features of superficial pyoderma?
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What observation during dermatohistopathology is indicative of superficial pyoderma?
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What type of alopecia is commonly associated with superficial pyoderma in dogs?
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Which of the following conditions might be mistaken for superficial pyoderma due to similar symptoms?
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What key histopathological feature is associated with mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What is a common clinical presentation of nasal pyoderma?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended diagnostic method for mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What is the primary treatment approach for severe mucocutaneous pyoderma?
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What is the primary rationale for selecting an antibiotic based on in vitro sensitivity results?
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In which condition can you frequently find similar clinical progression to nasal pyoderma?
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Which treatment procedure is indicated for resolving interdigital bullae effectively?
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Which of the following features is not typical of mucocutaneous pyoderma as it progresses?
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What is the recommended method for application of topical treatment for lesions?
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Which bacterial finding might be observed in the diagnosis of nasal pyoderma?
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Which of the following adjunctive topical therapies might be beneficial for infection management?
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What distinguishes mucocutaneous pyoderma from discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) in diagnosis?
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What is a significant consideration when managing MRSP as a zoonotic potential?
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Which cleansing method is suggested to prevent recurrence of lesions?
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What specific formulation is recommended for topical application to aid in controlling developing bullae?
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What is the common presentation of the primary pathogen typically involved in these infections?
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What should be assessed aggressively when a veterinarian diagnoses canine pyoderma caused by MRS?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT considered a cause of secondary superficial or deep pyoderma?
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What clinical approach is indicated when evidence of an antimicrobial-resistant infection is present?
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Which factor is associated with an increased risk of secondary pyoderma in dogs?
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What should be included in patient care to reduce fear when MRS pyoderma is documented?
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Which of the following is true regarding the clinical presentation of MRS pyoderma?
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Which endocrine disorder is a known cause of secondary pyoderma?
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What is the recommended response if systemic antibiotics are deemed necessary for treating a severe case of pyoderma?
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What occurs as a permanent sequelae in severe or chronic cases of deep pyoderma?
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What is a common misdiagnosis for the focal area of alopecia seen in superficial pyoderma?
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What is a common challenge in diagnosing deep pyoderma via cytology?
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What technique is preferred for obtaining deep nodules for culture?
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Which clinical feature distinguishes deep pyoderma from superficial pyoderma?
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In thick-coated breeds, what complicates the identification of underlying lesions in superficial pyoderma?
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Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a last resort in humans?
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What may exacerbate a resistant infection when treating deep pyoderma?
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Which clinical presentation is typical of postbathing folliculitis in dogs?
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What type of dermatitis does a purulent exudate on a dog's lip indicate?
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What bacterial species is notably associated with causing necrotizing fasciitis in deep pyoderma cases?
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Why is glucocorticoid use discouraged during the treatment of pyoderma?
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What should be done if a dog is severely pruritic during pyoderma treatment?
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Which condition may cause erythema that resembles superficial pyoderma but differs in underlying causes?
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In which circumstance may the prognosis of deep pyoderma be considered good?
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Which testing is required to determine clindamycin susceptibility?
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What is the typical appearance of the lesions caused by superficial pyoderma?
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What type of inflammation is indicated in impression smears of pyoderma?
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What characteristic change in the skin may occur in deep pyoderma due to chronic inflammation?
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What is a common sign of secondary infection following chronic allergic dermatitis in a dog?
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What is a potential benefit of using topical ceramide creams?
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How might the pigmentation of a dog's skin affect the diagnosis of superficial pyoderma?
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What indication suggests that cultures of skin under adherent crusts should be performed?
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What type of formulations has a longer treatment effect when not rinsed off?
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What is the primary treatment protocol for canine pedal furunculosis regarding corticosteroid administration?
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What should be done after lesions associated with canine pedal furunculosis have resolved?
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Which of the following represents a common secondary infection treatment strategy in canine pedal furunculosis?
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What is the overall prognosis for canine pedal furunculosis as described?
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What should clinicians ensure when diagnosing canine pedal furunculosis?
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Why might special stains not reveal infectious agents in cases of pyo-granulomatous dermatitis?
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What is a potential permanent sequela in chronic cases of canine pedal furunculosis?
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Which method could be crucial in confirming the diagnosis of pedal furunculosis through microbiological analysis?
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What condition is primarily characterized by severe swelling, alopecia, and crusting ulcers in the interdigital space of dogs?
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What contributes to the moist environment that exacerbates bacterial pododermatitis in canines?
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Which clinical feature differentiates bacterial pododermatitis from yeast dermatitis?
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In cases of chronic interdigital fistula, what is typically a contributing factor leading to its development?
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What is a common observable symptom associated with bacterial pododermatitis affecting the cutaneous surface?
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What underlying condition often leads to the emergence of bacterial infections in the interdigital spaces of dogs?
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Which term best describes the condition characterized by severe furunculosis visible only when separating the toes?
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What clinical sign is most often observed with profound tissue swelling in bacterial pododermatitis?
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What initial approach should be taken to limit the spread of infection in pets?
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What is a common initiating factor for pyotraumatic dermatitis in dogs?
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What treatment can be administered for severe pruritus associated with pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic lesion of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is the recommended duration for systemic antibiotic therapy in cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis with secondary infection?
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In the context of pyotraumatic dermatitis, what condition may arise if the underlying pruritic cause is not addressed?
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What topical application is suggested for treating pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What is a notable feature of pyotraumatic dermatitis concerning prevalent breeds?
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What is the primary factor that leads to the development of canine pyoderma?
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Which species of Staphylococcus is most commonly isolated in cases of canine pyoderma?
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What type of antibiotic resistance is increasingly common in bacterial pyoderma cases in dogs?
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In healthy individuals, what is the primary concern regarding MRS infectious risk?
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Which underlying disease processes are commonly associated with the exacerbation of canine pyoderma?
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What is one of the key factors contributing to the emergence of MRS in veterinary species?
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What is a key characteristic of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in terms of their antimicrobial resistance?
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What practice is essential for veterinarians when handling cases of pyoderma potentially caused by MRS?
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What is the primary reason for the increasing occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in canine pyoderma?
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What clinical sign is commonly associated with deep pyoderma in dogs?
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Which secondary skin condition is NOT typically associated with canine pyoderma?
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What should be done to prevent potential human infections in immunocompromised individuals when caring for pets with MRS?
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Which of the following staphylococcal species is NOT commonly isolated in pyoderma cases of dogs?
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What condition could increase the severity of skin lesions in dogs suffering from deep pyoderma?
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How does the transmission of MRS typically occur between humans and animals?
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What should veterinarians do if there is a documented case of MRS in a patient?
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What is one potential consequence of improperly managing a case of bacterial pododermatitis in pets?
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Which of the following is NOT recommended when dealing with an MRS-infected patient?
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What is a critical step in the diagnosis of bacterial pododermatitis?
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Which of the following clinical signs is least likely to be observed in cases of bacterial pododermatitis?
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What should be done if lesions associated with bacterial pododermatitis do not resolve with topical therapies?
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Which underlying factor can contribute to the development of bacterial pododermatitis?
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What is a common presentation of bacterial pododermatitis in pets?
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What measure should be enhanced particularly when MRS is documented in a patient?
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What is a critical factor in assessing if a canine pyoderma infection is antimicrobial-resistant?
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What type of pustules are primarily found in cases of impetigo?
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Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with secondary pyoderma in dogs?
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What is a key preventive measure to reduce the risk of zoonosis from MRS pyoderma?
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Which underlying condition is least likely to contribute to the development of impetigo?
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Which of the following factors should NOT be considered as a likely cause of pyoderma in dogs?
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In the treatment of impetigo, what should be the focus regarding hygiene?
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Which agent is responsible for the antimicrobial resistance observed in certain staphylococcal infections?
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What is the primary method of diagnosis for impetigo?
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When treating impetigo lesions, what is the recommended frequency for application of topical ointments if lesions are limited in number?
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What is the primary recommendation for hygienic measures once MRS pyoderma is documented?
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What clinical findings may suggest an antimicrobial-resistant infection in dogs?
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What is the appropriate duration for cleaning affected areas of impetigo during treatment?
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Which symptom is not typical of the lesions associated with impetigo?
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Which therapeutic approach is least likely to reduce the severity of pyoderma in dogs?
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What additional treatment is recommended if impetigo lesions do not resolve with topical therapy?
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What is the primary pathological outcome of deep pyoderma?
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Which bacterium is most commonly isolated in cases of canine pyoderma?
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What is a common predisposing factor for deep pyoderma in dogs?
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What type of bacterial cultures are commonly yielded from deep pyoderma cases?
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What crucial step should be taken for the treatment of deep pyoderma?
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Which bacterial species, previously known as S. intermedius, is now recognized in canine pyoderma cases?
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What potential risk is associated with MRSP in veterinary medicine?
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What is a typical clinical manifestation of superficial pyoderma in dogs?
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What general treatment plan is often sufficient for surface pyoderma?
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Which characteristics are typically involved in follicular dysplasias?
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How should topical treatments for pyoderma be utilized once clinical resolution is achieved?
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What is one of the common characteristics of superficial pyoderma?
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What is indicated if there are indications of patient or human health implications regarding MRSA screening?
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Which of the following topical treatments is often recommended for pyoderma?
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What symptom would indicate a need for more aggressive treatment beyond topical therapy for pyoderma?
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What is the main focus of treatment during the management of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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What type of inflammation is described in cases of deep pyoderma?
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What complication may arise from chronic deep pyoderma?
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Which statement about antibiotic treatment in deep pyoderma is accurate?
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Which characteristic is not typically associated with superficial pyoderma?
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How is deep pyoderma primarily differentiated from superficial pyoderma?
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Which bacterial species is commonly isolated in cases of deep pyoderma?
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What type of dermatitis may complicate surgical sites, potentially leading to deep pyoderma?
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What condition is identified by the presence of lichenification and chronic ulceration?
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Study Notes
Impetigo (Superficial Pustular Dermatitis)
- Superficial bacterial infection of nonhaired skin, often associated with predisposing factors like endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, poor nutrition, or a dirty environment.
- Commonly seen in young dogs before puberty.
- Characterized by small, nonfollicular pustules, papules, and crusts, limited to the inguinal and axillary skin.
- Lesions are not painful or pruritic.
- Treatment includes addressing predisposing factors, cleaning affected areas with antibacterial shampoo, applying topical mupirocin or neomycin ointment or cream, and administering systemic antibiotics if necessary.
- Prognosis is good.
Postgrooming Furunculosis
- Newly recognized acute-onset deep pyoderma that occurs within days of water immersion or exposure to grooming products.
- Characterized by erythematous maculopapules, pustules, furuncles, hemorrhagic crusts, tiny ulcers, and draining tracts dorsally distributed on the neck and trunk.
- Lethargy, fever, and pain along lesional skin are frequent.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolate.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other differentials and conducting dermatohistopathology.
- Treatment includes addressing predisposing factors, cleaning affected areas with antibacterial shampoo, applying topical mupirocin or neomycin ointment or cream, and administering systemic antibiotics for 3 weeks.
- Prognosis is good.
Nasal Pyoderma
- Characterized by papules, pustules, erythema, alopecia, crusting, swelling, erosions, or ulcerative fistulae on the bridge of the nose.
- Lesions may be painful.
- The primary pathogen is usually Staphylococcus, but mixed bacterial infections are also common.
- Treatment includes topical warm water soaks with chlorhexidine shampoo and administering systemic antibiotics for 3-6 weeks.
- Prognosis is good, but scarring may be a permanent sequela in some dogs.
Bacterial Pododermatitis
- Inflammation of the footpad.
- Common in dogs, particularly certain breeds.
- Severity and recurrence often worsened by underlying pruritic diseases like atopy.
- Ingrown hairs are a key feature in the development of interdigital bullae.
- Treatment includes addressing predisposing factors, meticulous hygiene, and systemic antibiotics.
- Prognosis can vary.
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- A chronic, recurring condition characterized by interdigital bullae and cellulitis in the paws of dogs.
- Often caused by bacterial infection.
- Treatment typically involves addressing predisposing factors, meticulously cleaning the affected area, and using topical medications.
- Systemic antibiotics may also be used to control the infection.
- Prognosis can vary, but recurrence is common.
Subcutaneous Abscess (Cat and Dog Fight or Bite Abscess)
- Occurs when normal oral bacterial microflorae are inoculated into the skin through puncture wounds.
- Commonly found on the tail base, shoulder, neck, face, or leg.
- Characterized by localized, often painful, swelling or abscess with a crusted-over puncture wound from which purulent material may drain.
- Regional lymphadenomegaly, fever, anorexia, and depression are common.
- Treatment includes lancing, cleaning with chlorhexidine solution, and administering systemic antibiotics.
- Prognosis is good.
Last Resort Antimicrobial Therapy
- Linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin are strongly discouraged for treating pyoderma.
- These antibiotics are considered drugs of last resort in humans.
- Consult a specialist when using these antibiotics.
Superficial Pyoderma
- Superficial pyoderma is a frequent skin disease in dogs.
- The infection of hair follicles and surrounding epidermis is usually secondary to another underlying cause.
- Allergies and endocrine diseases are common causes of superficial pyoderma.
- Superficial pyoderma is characterized by papules, pustules, scales, crusts, epidermal collarettes.
- Short-coated dogs may present with “moth-eaten” alopecia and reddish-brown discoloration of white hairs.
- Daily baths and topical treatments are often beneficial.
- Use high doses of antibiotics to prevent resistance.
- Consider using two antibiotics simultaneously.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus (MRS)
- MRS, MRSS, and MRSP are emerging skin pathogens in dogs.
- Risk factors include previous exposure to fluoroquinolones, subtherapeutic antibiotic dosing, and concurrent steroid therapy.
- MRS is becoming more common in veterinary species, including humans.
- MRS is zoonotic and can be transmitted from humans to dogs and vice versa.
- Immunosuppressed individuals are at higher risk of infection.
- Practice good infection control measures when dealing with MRS.
- Maintain strict hygiene practices, including hand-washing.
- Consider culture screening for MRS in dogs that interact with elderly or sick individuals.
Impetigo
- Impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection of non-haired areas.
- It is often associated with secondary causes such as endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, poor hygiene, or nutrition.
- It is common in young dogs before puberty.
- Lesions appear as small nonfollicular pustules, papules, and crusts, mainly on the inguinal or axillary skin.
- The lesions are not typically painful or pruritic.
- Treat predisposing factors, such as poor hygiene or nutrition.
- Clean affected areas with an antibacterial shampoo.
- Topical mupirocin or neomycin ointment or cream can also be applied.
- Systemic antibiotics may be necessary for more severe cases, administered for three weeks after clinical resolution.
- The prognosis is generally good.
Deep Pyoderma
- Deep pyoderma is characterized by papules, pustules, cellulitis, discoloration, alopecia, bullae, erosions, ulcers, and crusts.
- Lesions are often painful or pruritic and frequently involve the trunk and pressure points.
- Lymphadenomegaly is common in deep pyoderma cases.
- Systemic illness may present with fever, anorexia, and depression.
Culture and Diagnostic Procedures
- Swab a pustule for purulent material for culture.
- Obtain skin biopsies for deep nodules cultures.
- Swab skin underneath crusts or epidermal collarettes.
- Notify the laboratory about the culture type required (e.g., aerobic, anaerobic, mycobacterial, fungal).
- Cytology of pustules and skin impressions reveals neutrophils and bacterial cocci.
- Dermatohistopathology reveals nonfollicular subcutaneous pustules with neutrophils and bacteria.
- Bacterial culture identifies the presence of Staphylococcus species.
Treatment Considerations
- Avoid topical mupirocin ointment in dogs with MRS, unless other topical treatments fail.
- Topical ceramide creams may aid in restoring the skin barrier function.
- Avoid glucocorticoids during pyoderma treatment because they can mask the clinical picture.
- Oclacitinib can be considered for severe pruritus, but only for a short duration.
- Reassess patients near the end of the treatment plan to ensure clinical resolution.
- An expanding papular perimeter suggests expanding bacterial folliculitis.
Glucocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids are discouraged for pyoderma.
- They can alter the clinical presentation, making diagnosis difficult for owners and veterinarians.
- Oclacitinib is preferred for managing pruritus in these cases.
Bacterial Pododermatitis
- Bacterial Pododermatitis is a bacterial infection of the foot.
- It can be caused by underlying allergies, foreign bodies, or other factors.
- Symptoms include swelling, alopecia (hair loss), erythema (redness), and crusting.
- Treatment includes addressing underlying causes, topical antibiotics, and, in severe cases, systemic antibiotics.
- Pedal furunculosis, also known as interdigital bullae or interdigital pyogranuloma, is a specific type of bacterial pododermatitis that affects the interdigital spaces.
Pedal Furunculosis
- Pedal furunculosis is a common condition in dogs.
- It is characterized by small, painful, fluid-filled sacs (bullae) that form between the toes.
- The bullae can rupture, resulting in draining tracts and severe inflammation.
- Treatment includes surgical drainage of the bullae, antibiotics, and management of underlying causes, such as allergies.
Superficial Pyoderma
- Superficial pyoderma is a common bacterial infection of the skin.
- It is often associated with allergies and other predisposing factors.
- It is characterized by papules, pustules, crusting, and erythema.
- Treatment usually involves topical and systemic antibiotics.
Deep Pyoderma
- Deep pyoderma is a more severe bacterial infection of the skin that extends beyond the hair follicles.
- It is often preceded by chronic superficial pyoderma.
- It requires systemic antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage.
Mucocutaneous Pyoderma
- Mucocutaneous pyoderma affects the mucocutaneous junctions, or areas where the skin meets mucous membranes.
- It is uncommon in dogs but can affect the lips, nose, and other areas.
- Topical and systemic antibiotics are used for treatment.
Nasal Pyoderma
- Nasal pyoderma is a bacterial infection of the nose.
- It appears as papules, pustules, erythema, alopecia, crusting, or swelling.
- Treatment includes topical chlorhexidine soaks and systemic antibiotics.
Subcutaneous Abscess
- Subcutaneous abscesses are often caused by puncture wounds from cat or dog fights.
- They are characterized by localized swelling, pain, and sometimes drainage.
- Treatment includes incision and drainage, cleansing, and antibiotics.
Pyoderma
- Purulent material from pustules can be cultured
- Deep nodules require an elliptical wedge biopsy to obtain cultures
- Cultures of the skin underneath adherent crusts can be swabbed with a culturette
- Always notify the reference lab about the type of culture requested
- In general, topical formulations that are not rinsed off will have a longer treatment effect
- Topical mupirocin ointment should be avoided in canine MRSP pyoderma unless other treatments fail
- Topical ceramide creams may help improve the skin's barrier function
- Glucocorticoid use is discouraged during pyoderma treatment
- Oclacitinib may be considered for severe pruritus
- All patients should be reexamined at the end of treatment to ensure resolution
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis (Acute Moist Dermatitis, Hot Spots)
- Occurs secondary to self- inflicted trauma
- Caused by scratching, licking, chewing, or rubbing in response to a pruritic or painful stimulus
- Most common initiating stimulus is fleas
- More common in dogs than cats
- Presents as pruritic, rapidly enlarging area of erythema, alopecia, and wet skin
- Dermatopathology: follicular hyperkeratosis, folliculitis, or furunculosis
- Bacterial culture: primary pathogen is Staphylococcus
- Treatment:
- Minimize trauma and pressure to the chin.
- Scrub area with benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoo
- Apply mupirocin ointment or benzoyl peroxide gel
- For moderate to severe cases, systemic antibiotics are needed
- For severe pruritus, oclacitinib or steroids can be used
- If papules or pustules are present, systemic antibiotics should be given
Chin Pyoderma
- Lesions are typically erythematous papular with alopecia
- Can be mild, severe, and papular with crusting
- Severe infections result in purulent exudate
Skin Fold Dermatitis (Intertrigo, Skin Fold Pyoderma)
- Occurs in dogs with excessive skin folds
- Can occur in brachycephalic breeds, dogs with large lip flaps, tail folds, and vulvar folds
- Dermatopathology: suppurative to pyogranulomatous perifolliculitis, folliculitis, furunculosis, and nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis
- Bacterial culture: primary pathogen is Staphylococcus
- Treatment:
- Initiate a weight loss program if the dog is obese
- Use cleansing wipes such as alcohol-free acne pads, baby wipes, chlorhexidine-containing pledgets, or other antimicrobial wipes every 12-72 hours
- Select antibiotics based on in vitro sensitivity results
- For interdigital bullae, surgical removal with a biopsy punch or laser can speed resolution
- For developing bullae, apply topical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) combined with enrofloxacin and steroids
- Adjunctive therapies include daily foot soaks in 0.025% chlorhexidine solution, 0.4% povidone-iodine solution, or magnesium sulfate solution
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- Occurs in interdigital spaces
- Presents as large, flaccid bullae and severe interdigital tissue swelling with ulceration
- Dermatopathology: multifocal, nodular to diffuse granulomatous dermatitis
- Microbial cultures are negative for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi
- Treatment:
- Correct the initiating cause of furunculosis (e.g., food allergy, wet environment, friction)
- Treat secondary infections aggressively
- Prognosis is good to fair
- Lifelong medical therapy may be needed to maintain remission
Canine Pyoderma
- Canine pyoderma is a common bacterial skin infection that can affect various breeds of dogs.
- The depth of infection can be categorized into:
- Surface: Infection of the most external skin layers. Often requires topical therapy to resolve.
- Superficial: Infection of follicular and interfollicular areas like folliculitis, or furunculosis. Often requires topical therapy for focal lesions.
- Deep: Infections that extend into the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Usually requires systemic antibiotics.
Chin Pyoderma
- Chin pyoderma is often found in breeds like English Bulldogs.
- The infection is characterized by erythematous papules, alopecia (hair loss), and purulent exudate.
- Treatment involves mechanical scrubbing, topical medications (like benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoo) and sometimes systemic antibiotics.
Skin Fold Dermatitis (Intertrigo)
- Skin fold dermatitis is a common bacterial infection occurring in breeds with excessive skin folds.
- It is caused by trapped moisture, heat, and proliferation of bacteria in the folds.
- Symptoms include redness, inflammation, odor, and discharge within the skin folds.
- Treatment involves thorough cleaning, weight reduction, and topical or sometimes systemic antibiotics.
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- A rare, potentially chronic, inflammatory condition affecting the paws of dogs, particularly short-coated breeds.
- It presents as single or multiple erythematous papules, nodules, or bullae on the interdigital spaces.
- It is believed to be triggered by ruptured hair follicles, releasing keratin and triglycerides that trigger an immune response.
- Treatment includes identifying the initial cause, cleaning, topical and sometimes systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention in severe cases.
Subcutaneous Abscess
- Subcutaneous abscesses are common in dogs and cats, especially among intact male cats.
- Caused by bacterial inoculation through bite wounds.
- Characterized by localized swelling, pain, and pus discharge.
- Treatment includes lancing, draining, cleaning with chlorhexidine, and systemic antibiotics.
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis
- Common in dogs, rarely in cats
- Usually single, but can be multiple and painful
- Most common locations: trunk, tail base, lateral thigh, neck, face
- Frequently accompanied by spreading superficial pyoderma
- Often triggered by causes like fleas, other parasites (e.g., lice, mites), hypersensitivity (allergies), anal sac disease, otitis externa, folliculitis, and trauma
Diagnosis of Pyotraumatic Dermatitis
- Based on history and clinical findings
- Cytology: shows suppurative inflammation and mixed bacteria
Treatment of Pyotraumatic Dermatitis
- Identify and address the underlying cause
- Aggressive flea control
- Clip and clean the lesion, sedation may be needed
- Apply a topical drying agent or astringent (e.g., 5% aluminum acetate) every 8-12 hours for 2-7 days
- Avoid alcohol-containing products
- Consider topical analgesics (e.g., lidocaine, pramoxine hydrochloride) or corticosteroid-containing products for mild pruritus
Superficial Pyoderma
- Atypical skin lesions in allergic dogs
- Caused by secondary bacterial infection
- Commonly found in allergic dogs
- May present as papular rash with epidermal collarettes, erythematous lesions, focal pustules, and severe crusting
Deep Pyoderma
- Surface or follicular bacterial infection that breaks through hair follicles
- Often follows chronic superficial skin disease
- Predisposing factors include: allergies, endocrinopathies, trauma, autoimmune disorders
- Common in dogs, rare in cats
- Most often caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- MRSP (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a potential zoonosis
Treatment of Deep Pyoderma
- Identify and correct the underlying cause
- Systemic antibiotics are required, long-term treatment may be needed due to MRSP concerns
Bacterial Pododermatitis
- Inflammation of the skin on the footpads
- Can be caused by foreign bodies, parasites, hypersensitivity, endocrinopathies, trauma
- Often associated with foot trauma
- Severe cases may require surgery (fusion podoplasty)
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- Inflammation of the interdigital area of the foot
- Can appear as erythematous papules, nodules, or bullae
- Usually painless or pruritic, can become ulcerated
- Frequent in short-coated breeds
- Treatment may involve cleansing wipes, surgical removal of ruptured hair follicles, or medication
Subcutaneous Abscess
- Caused by inoculation of oral bacteria into the skin during puncture wounds
- Common in dogs and cats, especially intact male cats
- Lesions often painful and localized
- Associated with cat or dog fights
- May cause regional lymphadomegaly, fever, anorexia, and depression
Diagnosis and Treatment of Subcutaneous Abscess
- Diagnosis based on history, clinical findings, and cytology
- Treatment includes lancing and cleaning the abscess, administering systemic antibiotics
Miscellaneous Information
- Fluoroquinolone antibiotics may increase the risk of methicillin resistance
- Interdigital bullae are a common disorder in short-coated breeds
- Chin pyoderma is similar to interdigital bullae and may occur concurrently
- Secondary bacterial and yeast infections are common in canine pedal furunculosis
- Treatment for secondary infections may involve antibiotics or antifungals
- Deep pyoderma associated with MRSP can pose a zoonotic risk.
Canine Pyoderma
- Canine Pyoderma is a common bacterial infection of the skin, affecting dogs of all ages and breeds.
- It can be divided into superficial and deep pyoderma.
- Superficial Pyoderma is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a growing concern, causing antibiotic resistance.
- Common symptoms include skin redness, scaling, crusting, hair loss, and itching.
- Diagnosis is typically made through skin scrapings, cytology, and bacterial cultures.
- Treatment includes topical and systemic antibiotics.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP)
- MRSP is a multidrug-resistant strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
- It is often associated with previous antibiotic use, particularly fluoroquinolones.
- MRSP infections can be difficult to treat and may require long-term antibiotic therapy.
- MRSP infections are a zoonotic concern, potentially transmissible from infected animals to humans.
- Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, and minimizing contact with infected animals.
Superficial Pyoderma
- Superficial pyoderma typically refers to a mild form of the disease.
- Commonly affects the face, ears, and paws, and can be caused by various factors, including allergies.
- Treatment often involves frequent bathing with antimicrobial shampoos, topical antibiotics, and systemic antibiotics.
Nasal Pyoderma
- Characterized by papules, pustules, redness, swelling, and hair loss around the nose.
- Can affect dogs and cats.
- Prompt treatment is important to prevent potential complications like scarring and chronic infections.
Bacterial Pododermatitis
- Inflammation of the skin on the paws, also known as foot rot.
- Can affect dogs, cats, and other animals.
- Occurs due to bacteria colonizing the skin between toes.
- Symptoms include lameness, swelling, redness, and purulent discharge.
- Treatment usually involves cleaning the affected area, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention.
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- Also known as interdigital furunculosis.
- A common condition in dogs that affects the skin between the toes.
- Causes localized inflammation, swelling, and often pustule formation.
- May be caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or other bacteria.
- Diagnosed through clinical signs, skin scrapings, and bacterial cultures.
- Treatment typically includes antibiotics, warm soaks, and sometimes surgical debridement.
Subcutaneous Abscess
- Usually caused by bacterial infection, often from a bite wound.
- Common in dogs and cats, especially intact males.
- Symptoms include painful swelling, redness, and purulent discharge.
- Diagnosed through clinical signs and cytology.
- Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, cleaning, and antibiotic therapy.
Canine Pyoderma
- Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection in dogs.
- It is characterized by gelatinous skin, ulcers, necrosis, scarring alopecia, hyperpigmentation, and skin thickening.
- Acral lick dermatitis, also known as lick granuloma, is a localized form of pyoderma that occurs due to excessive licking.
- First-line empiric antimicrobial therapy includes Amoxicillin clavulanate, Cefadroxil, Cefpodoxime proxetil, Cephalexin, Cefovecin, Lincomycin, Ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine, and Trimethoprim–sulfadiazine/sulfamethoxazole.
- Second-line culture-determined antimicrobial therapy includes Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Marbofloxacin, Minocycline, Orbifloxacin, Pradofloxacin, and Rifampin.
- Last-resort antimicrobial therapy includes Linezolid, Teicoplanin, and Vancomycin.
- Topical therapy such as benzoyl peroxide, ethyl lactate, bleach, and silver-containing products can be used to hasten resolution.
- Glucocorticoids are discouraged during treatment of pyoderma because it can alter the clinical picture.
- Oclacitinib (Apoquel) can be considered for pruritus.
- MRSP (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a zoonotic bacterium that can be transmitted between humans and canines.
- It is recommended to isolate the affected pet from at-risk individuals, cover open wounds, and practice good hygiene.
- Pyotraumatic Dermatitis is an acute bacterial skin infection that results from self-inflicted trauma.
- It can be caused by fleas, food allergies, or other irritants.
- Symptoms include erythema, alopecia, and weepy, eroded skin with well-demarcated margins.
- Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, bathing with antibacterial shampoo, and addressing the underlying cause.
- Deep Pyoderma is a more severe form of pyoderma that involves deep tissues.
- It can be caused by underlying conditions such as demodicosis, scabies, hypersensitivity, or endocrinopathy.
- Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, topical therapy, and addressing the underlying cause.
- Interdigital bullae are blisters that form between the toes and are often associated with deep pyoderma.
- Treatment involves surgical removal of ruptured hair follicles, and topical DMSO, enrofloxacin, and steroids.
- Adjunctive topical therapies for deep pyoderma include daily foot soaks with chlorhexidine solution, povidone–iodine solution, or magnesium sulfate.
Key Points
- It is important to identify and address the underlying cause of pyoderma.
- Systemic antibiotics are typically required for treatment.
- Topical medications can be used to hasten resolution.
- MRSP is a zoonotic bacterium that can be transmitted between humans and canines.
- It is essential to practice good hygiene and take precautions to prevent the spread of infection.
- Deep pyoderma is a more severe form of pyoderma that requires aggressive treatment.
- It is important to consult with a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment.
Last Resort Antimicrobial Therapy
- Linezolid, Teicoplanin, and Vancomycin are strongly discouraged for use in canine cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRS) because these antibiotics are drugs of last resort in humans
- Consult a veterinary specialist before administering these antibiotics
Mupirocin Ointment
- Topical mupirocin ointment should be avoided in canine MRS pyoderma unless other topical treatments fail and other suitable treatment options based on culture and susceptibility testing are unavailable
- The routine use of mupirocin in human cases of MRS is the reason for its avoidance in canine cases
Culture Collection Techniques
- Purulent material can be aspirated from a pustule and transferred to a culturette
- Deep nodules for culture are best aseptically obtained with an elliptical wedge biopsy
- Cultures of the skin underneath adherent crusts or the expanding perimeter of an epidermal collarette can be swabbed with a culturette
- Notify the reference laboratory on the type of culture(s) requested e.g., aerobic, anaerobic, mycobacterial, fungal
Glucocorticoid Use
- Glucocorticoid use is discouraged during treatment of pyoderma as it can alter the clinical appearance for both the owner and veterinarian
- Oclacitinib should be considered for 3-7 days over glucocorticoids for dogs that are severely pruritic
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis (Acute Moist Dermatitis, Hot Spots)
- Pyotraumatic dermatitis is an acute and rapidly developing surface bacterial skin infection that occurs secondary to self-inflicted trauma
- Lesions are created when the patient licks, chews, scratches, or rubs a focal area on its body
- This is often a seasonal problem that becomes more common in hot, humid weather
- Fleas are the most common initiating stimulus
- Pyotraumatic dermatitis commonly occurs in dogs, especially thick-coated, long-haired breeds, and is rarely seen in cats
Superficial Pyoderma (Superficial Bacterial Folliculitis)
- Superficial pyoderma is a superficial bacterial infection involving hair follicles and the adjacent epidermis
- The infection is almost always secondary to an underlying cause, with allergies and endocrine disease being the most common causes
- Superficial pyoderma is one of the most common skin diseases in dogs but is rare in cats
Mucocutaneous Pyoderma
- Mucocutaneous pyoderma is a bacterial infection of mucocutaneous junctions
- German Shepherds and their crosses may be predisposed, possibly associated with the ulcerative syndromes of German Shepherds
- Lesions are characterized by mucocutaneous swelling, erythema, and crusting, often bilateral and sometimes symmetrical
- Affected areas may be painful or pruritic, and self-traumatized, with potential exudation, erosion, ulceration, fissuring, and depigmentation
- The margins of the lips, especially at the commissures, are most frequently affected
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- The initiating cause of furunculosis (e.g., food allergy, wet environment, dirty kennels, friction in short-coated breeds) should be identified and corrected
- Pedal furunculosis is characterized by large, flaccid bullae in the interdigital spaces
- They can include bruising of the surrounding tissue, a moist exudate, and bruising of the surrounding tissue
- Expressed material includes an exudate with numerous hairs, which act as foreign bodies and a nidus for recurrent staphylococcal infections
Treatment Recommendations
- For mild to moderate pyoderma lesions, affected areas should be clipped and cleaned with shampoo containing chlorhexidine
- Topical mupirocin ointment or cream should be applied every 12-24 hours for 1 week, followed by 3-7 days for maintenance therapy as needed
- For severe pyoderma lesions, systemic antibiotics should be administered for 3-6 weeks, in addition to topical therapy
- The prognosis for pyoderma is good if an underlying primary disease (e.g., allergy, endocrinopathy) can be identified and controlled, but lifelong maintenance therapy is often needed
- Regular application of topical antibiotics may maintain remission
Treatment for Severe Pyoderma
- Steroid therapy (prednisolone 2-4mg/kg PO every 24 hours) should be administered
- Significant improvement should be seen within 1-2 weeks
- Once lesions resolve (≈2-3 weeks), the steroid dose should be gradually tapered to an alternate-day dose to maintain remission
- In some dogs, steroid therapy can be discontinued over time
Prognosis
- The prognosis for pyoderma is good to fair
- Lifelong medical therapy may be needed to maintain remission
- Interdigital fibrosis may be a permanent sequela in chronic cases
Controlling the Spread of Infection
- Regularly pick up stool (dogs) or scoop litterbox (cats) of the affected pet and dispose of it in the trash can
- Try to avoid pet daycare and public dog parks until the affected pet is cleared of the infection
- Consult with your personal physician if any in-contact people develop skin lesions or sores (e.g., pimples, boils, swellings) or have concerns about your personal health
Canine Pyoderma
- A common bacterial skin infection in dogs
- Most commonly caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- Often secondary to other diseases like demodicosis, allergies, or endocrine disorders
- Can be caused by other Staphylococcus species as well: S. schleiferi, S. aureus, and S. lugdunensis
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRS) is an increasing concern and often resists other antibiotics as well.
Subcutaneous Abscess
- A collection of pus under the skin, typically caused by a bite wound
- Can be caused by various types of bacteria
Botryomycosis
- Known as bacterial pseudomycetoma or cutaneous bacterial granuloma
- Caused by bacteria, but resembles a fungal infection
- Usually affects dogs and horses
L-Form Infection
- A rare form of bacterial infection where bacteria lack a cell wall, making them resistant to antibiotics
Actinomycosis
- Caused by Actinomyces bacteria
- Typically affects the mouth, but can spread to the skin
- Characterized by slow-growing, draining lesions
Nocardiosis
- Caused by Nocardia bacteria
- Primarily affects the lungs, but can cause skin infections as well
- Characterized by abscesses and draining tracts
Opportunistic Mycobacteriosis
- Also called atypical mycobacterial granuloma and mycobacterial panniculitis
- Occurs when Mycobacterium bacteria take advantage of a weakened immune system
- Usually affects dogs and cats
- Can cause skin lesions and abscesses
Feline Leprosy Syndrome
- A rare skin disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Commonly affects cats, but can also affect humans
- Characterized by skin nodules and lesions
Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome
- Also known as canine leprosy
- Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Usually affects older dogs
- Symptoms include skin lesions, alopecia, and nodules
Tuberculosis
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Primarily affects the lungs, but can affect the skin
- Characterized by ulcers and draining nodules
Plague
- Known as bubonic plague
- Caused by Yersinia pestis
- Found primarily in rodents
- Can be transmitted to pets and humans
- Characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, and chills
Chin Pyoderma (Canine Acne)
- A common bacterial infection of the hair follicles on the chin
- More common in brachycephalic breeds
- Characterized by red papules, pustules, and alopecia
- Causes trauma and pressure to the chin
- Can be treated with benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine shampoos and topical antibiotics
Skin Fold Dermatitis (Intertrigo, Skin Fold Pyoderma)
- A bacterial skin infection in areas with skin folds
- Occurs in dogs with excessive skin folds such as brachycephalic breeds, dogs with large lip flaps, and dogs with body folds
- Obesity often contributes to the severity and recurrence
- Facial fold dermatitis: Non-painful, non-pruritic, erythematous facial folds that may be malodorous.
- Lip fold dermatitis: Fetid breath, macerated, erythematous lower lip folds
- Tail fold dermatitis: Macerated, erythematous and malodorous skin under the tail
- Vulvar fold dermatitis: Erythematous, macerated, and malodorous vulvar folds, excessive vulvar licking, painful urination, and potential urinary tract infections.
- Body fold dermatitis: Erythematous, seborrheic, malodorous, and mildly pruritic truncal or leg folds
- Treatment includes weight management, cleansing wipes, antibacterial shampoos, topical antibiotics, and surgical correction of excessive folds if necessary.
Superficial Pyoderma
- A common bacterial infection that is localized to the surface layers of the skin.
- Usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- Often caused by underlying conditions like allergies, demodicosis, flea allergies, or endocrine disorders.
- Characterized by papules, pustules, and crusts
- Typically treated with systemic antibiotics and antibacterial shampoos
- May be a recurring issue if the underlying condition is not addressed.
Deep Pyoderma
- A bacterial infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin
- May result from untreated superficial pyoderma or underlying conditions
- Typically affects dogs
- Often caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- Characterized by nodules, abscesses, draining tracts, alopecia, and scarring
- Treatment often requires systemic antibiotics and may include surgery
Mucocutaneous Pyoderma
- A bacterial infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes, often around the mouth, nose, and eyes
- Typically a sign of an underlying immune system problem
- Requires prompt treatment with systemic antibiotics and often other treatments depending on the underlying condition
Nasal Pyoderma (Nasal Folliculitis and Furunculosis)
- A bacterial infection of the hair follicles in the nose
- Characterized by redness, swelling, papules, and pustules
- Can be caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or other bacteria
- Treatment often involves systemic antibiotics and topical medications
Bacterial Pododermatitis
- A bacterial infection of the paws
- Usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or other bacteria
- Often occurs in dogs who have been exposed to moisture, debris, or trauma
- Can be a chronic condition and requires prompt treatment to prevent complications
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- A bacterial infection of the interdigital area of the paw
- Characterized by bullae, pustules, and draining tracts
- Often associated with moisture, allergies, or trauma
- Requires treatment with systemic antibiotics and topical medications
Bacterial Skin Infections
- Systemic antibiotics are typically prescribed for treatment
- Antibiotics given should match specific bacteria identified through a bacterial culture.
- Culture and sensitivity testing on skin samples is important to determine the best antibiotic to use.
Indications for Bacterial Skin Culture
- Cases involving immune compromised individuals.
- Lack of response to initial antibiotic therapy.
- Deep skin lesions, such as draining tracts or nodules.
- Previous systemic antibiotic use within the past 30 days.
- Recurrent cases of superficial pyoderma.
- Cases previously diagnosed with resistant bacterial infection.
- Contact with a person who has a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
- Recent hospitalization, surgical procedures, or indwelling devices.
Zoonotic Potential:
- Staphylococcus can be zoonotic, spreading from human to canine or vice-versa.
- Individuals with weakened immune systems are most at risk.
Treatment and Prognosis
- Systemic antibiotics are typically used, often for 3-4 weeks.
- Antibacterial shampoos can be helpful.
- If lesions recur within 7 days, the therapy may have been insufficient and antibiotics should be reinstituted for a longer period.
- Underlying causes should be identified and managed.
Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy
- First Line: **Amoxicillin clavulanate, cefadroxil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cephalexin, cefovecin, lincomycin, ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim–sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole. **
- Second Line (Culture-Determined): Amikacin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, marbofloxacin, minocycline, orbifloxacin, pradofloxacin, or rifampin.
Additional Considerations:
- Dermatohistopathology (biopsy) can be used to investigate the infection details.
- Promptly address any contributing factors, such as allergies, demodicosis, or other underlying diseases.
- Prognosis is generally good with appropriate treatment, but lifelong maintenance may be needed for chronic cases.
Key Facts
- Staphylococcal infections are a major cause of skin disease in dogs.
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRS) is becoming more common.
- Bacterial skin infections can be zoonotic.
- Culture and sensitivity testing is essential to determine the appropriate antibiotic.
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.
Deep Pyoderma
- Deep pyoderma is characterized by focal, multifocal, or generalized lesions on the skin.
- The lesions can manifest as papules, pustules, cellulitis, tissue discoloration, alopecia, hemorrhagic bullae, erosions, ulcers, and crusts.
- Deep pyoderma often involves the trunk and pressure points but can occur anywhere on the body.
- Lymphadenomegaly is common.
- Deep pyoderma lesions are frequently pruritic or painful.
- In severe cases, deep pyoderma can cause fever, anorexia, and depression.
Causes of Deep Pyoderma
- The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be a persistent, immune-mediated inflammatory response to keratin and triglycerides released from ruptured hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and the panniculus.
- The condition often develops after an initial case of furunculosis has been resolved, and may be triggered by mechanical, infectious, parasitic, or allergic factors.
Transmission and Risk Factors
- Deep pyoderma is commonly caused by Staphylococcus, and MRSP (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a significant zoonotic concern.
- MRSP transmission is mostly from humans to pets (reverse zoonosis), posing a risk for immunocompromised individuals.
Signs and Symptoms
- Lesions may have serosanguineous to purulent drainage.
- Suppurative to pyogranulomatous inflammation with bacterial cocci or rods may be present.
- Dermatohistopathology reveals deep suppurative to pyogranulomatous folliculitis, furunculosis, cellulitis, and panniculitis.
Treatment and Prognosis
- Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and providing antibacterial therapy.
- The prognosis for deep pyoderma is generally good, but severe or chronic cases may lead to fibrosis, scarring, and permanent alopecia.
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- A common problem in short-coated breeds, this condition occurs as single or multiple, erythematous papules, firm to fluctuant nodules, or bullae on one or more feet.
- Lesions are often located in interdigital areas and can be painful or pruritic.
- Secondary bacterial and yeast infections are common.
Botryomycosis
- This condition is characterized by deep, draining lesions with superficial crust formation.
- Lesions may be associated with moderate pain and lameness.
- Purulent discharge may contain small, white granules, which are macroscopic colonies of bacteria.
- Lesions typically develop slowly and can appear anywhere on the body.
- Diagnosis is often confirmed through cytology, dermatohistopathology, and bacterial culture.
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis
- This is an acute and rapidly developing bacterial skin infection.
- It occurs secondary to self-inflicted trauma.
- The patient licks, chews, scratches, or rubs a focal area on its body in response to a pruritic or painful stimulus.
- A common cause is fleas
- More common in dogs, especially thick-coated, long-haired breeds.
- It is rarely seen in cats.
- It is characterized by an acutely pruritic, rapidly enlarging area of erythema, alopecia, and weepy, eroded skin with well-demarcated margins.
- Cytology (pustule): neutrophils and bacterial cocci
Superficial Pyoderma
- A superficial bacterial infection involving hair follicles and the adjacent epidermis.
- Almost always secondary to an underlying cause, allergies and endocrine disease being the most common.
- One of the most common skin diseases in dogs but is rare in cats.
- It is characterized by focal, multifocal, or generalized areas of papules, pustules, crusts, scales, and/or epidermal collarettes or circumscribed areas of erythema and alopecia that may have hyperpigmented centers.
- Dermatohistopathology: follicular hyperkeratosis, folliculitis, or furunculosis.
- Bacterial culture: primary pathogen is usually Staphylococcus.
Chin Pyoderma
- A facial bacterial skin infection that can be caused by trauma, allergies, or underlying medical conditions.
- It is characterized by erythematous papular lesions with alopecia on the chin of an English bulldog.
- The lesions can range from mild to severe, with severe lesions often associated with purulent exudate.
Skin Fold Dermatitis
- A common bacterial surface skin infection that occurs in dogs with excessive skin folds
- Infection involves the facial folds of brachycephalic breeds, the lip folds of dogs with large lip flaps, the tail folds of brachycephalic breeds with “corkscrew” tails, the vulvar folds of females, and interdigital skin folds.
- It is characterized by erythema, papules, pustules, erosion, crusting, and alopecia in skin folds
- A weight reduction program should be initiated if the dog is obese.
- Cleansing wipes used every 12 to 72 hours.
Mucocutaneous Pyoderma
- A bacterial skin infection that occurs on the mucocutaneous junctions of the body.
- It is characterized by alopecia, erythema, erosion, ulcers, crusting, and exudate.
- It is very similar clinically to Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.
Nasal Pyoderma
- A facial bacterial skin infection that may occur secondary to trauma or insect bites.
- This disease may be closely associated with eosinophilic furunculosis.
- The primary pathogen is usually Staphylococcus, but can be caused by other bacteria.
- It is characterized by suppurative to pyogranulomatous perifolliculitis, folliculitis, furunculosis, and nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis.
- MRSP is a potential zoonosis that is rapidly becoming a serious medical, ethical, and legal issue in veterinary medicine.
Canine Pyoderma
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause pyoderma in dogs
- MRSA is a common cause of skin infections in humans, and the potential for transmission from dogs to humans (zoonosis) is a concern
- MRSA pyoderma in dogs is clinically indistinguishable from other pyoderma cases
- If a dog is suspected of having MRSA pyoderma, a bacterial culture with susceptibility testing is recommended
- Simple hygienic measures can help reduce the risk of transmission of MRSA from dogs to humans, including isolating the pet from people at risk
- Topical mupirocin should be avoided in dogs suspected of having MRSA pyoderma unless other topical treatments fail
Treatment of Pyoderma
- Systemic antibiotics are often necessary for the treatment of pyoderma
- In cases of MRSA pyoderma, systemic antibiotics like linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin may be considered
- Glucocorticoids should be avoided during treatment of pyoderma as they can alter the clinical picture
- Topical treatments like chlorhexidine, benzoyl peroxide, and mupirocin can be used to treat pyoderma
- Topical ceramide creams can help improve the skin barrier function
Superficial Pyoderma
- Superficial pyoderma is a common skin infection in dogs that affects the outer layers of the skin
- Superficial pyoderma often presents with papules, pustules, crusts, and alopecia (hair loss)
- Superficial pyoderma can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, endocrinopathies, and ectoparasites
Deep Pyoderma
- Deep pyoderma is a more serious infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin
- Deep pyoderma is often characterized by nodules, ulcers, draining tracts, and cellulitis
- Deep pyoderma can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, underlying disease, and immunosuppressive therapy
- Treatment for deep pyoderma often involves systemic antibiotics and sometimes surgical intervention
- The prognosis for deep pyoderma can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause
Canine Pedal Furunculosis
- Canine pedal furunculosis is an inflammatory condition of the paws, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- Pedal furunculosis can be caused by both superficial and deep infections, which can involve the skin, hair follicles, and subcutaneous tissues
- Pedal furunculosis can result in interdigital bullae (fluid-filled blisters), swelling, and crusting in the paw area.
- Treatment of pedal furunculosis is often associated with antibiotics and addressing any underlying causes of infection.
Canine Pyoderma
- Occurs when the skin is infected by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- Often a secondary effect to other diseases like demodicosis, allergies, and hormonal imbalances
- Can be resistant to antibiotics like methicillin
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis (Hot Spots)
- An acute and rapidly developing bacterial skin infection that occurs due to self-inflicted trauma
- Most commonly caused by licking, chewing, scratching or rubbing in response to itching or pain
- Most commonly happens to dogs, especially thick-coated, long-haired breeds
- Can be caused by fleas
Subcutaneous Abscess
- Caused by a fight between animals, which results in an infection
Botryomycosis (Bacterial Pseudomycetoma, Cutaneous Bacterial Granuloma)
- Bacterial infection that can result in a fungal-like growth in the affected area
L-Form Infection
- A type of bacterial infection that is difficult to treat with antibiotics
- Can be caused by improper antibiotic use
Actinomycosis
- A bacterial infection that affects primarily the head and neck
Nocardiosis
- A bacterial infection that commonly affects the lungs
Opportunistic Mycobacteriosis (Atypical Mycobacterial Granuloma, Mycobacterial Panniculitis)
- A bacterial infection that commonly affects immunocompromised animals
Feline Leprosy Syndrome
- A bacterial infection that is rare in cats
Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome (Canine Leprosy)
- A bacterial infection that is rare in dogs
Tuberculosis
- A bacterial infection that affects the respiratory system
Plague
- A bacterial infection that is spread by fleas and can be fatal
Bacterial Pododermatitis
- A deep infection in the feet that commonly occurs secondary to other diseases
- Can affect one or multiple feet, and may cause inflammation, swelling, sores, pain, and lameness
Canine Pedal Furunculosis (Interdigital Bullae, Interdigital Pyogranuloma)
- A bacterial infection that affects the toes and spaces between the toes in dogs
- Can cause swelling, redness, and sores
Canine Pyoderma
- Canine pyoderma is a bacterial infection that affects the skin.
- It is classified by the depth of infection (surface, superficial, deep).
- Superficial pyoderma is commonly seen in young dogs before puberty.
- Deep pyoderma is characterized by furunculosis and cellulitis and is often preceded by a history of chronic superficial skin disease.
- MRSP (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is a common bacterium isolated from canine pyoderma and can be a zoonosis.
- Clinical signs of pyoderma include erythema, surface exudate, crusts, erosions, excoriations, papules, pustules, and alopecia.
- Treatment for pyoderma includes addressing any underlying causes, topical therapy with antibacterial shampoos, ointments, or creams, and systemic antibiotics if necessary.
Impetigo
- Impetigo is a superficial bacterial infection of non-haired skin.
- It is often associated with predisposing diseases, such as ectoparasitism, poor nutrition, or a dirty environment.
- It is characterized by small nonfollicular pustules, papules, and crusts limited to the inguinal and axillary skin.
- Treatment typically involves topical antibiotics and cleaning affected areas with antibacterial shampoo.
- The prognosis is good.
Deep Pyoderma
- Deep pyoderma is a more serious form of pyoderma.
- It involves a deeper infection of the skin, leading to furunculosis and cellulitis.
- It is often associated with underlying conditions, such as chronic superficial skin disease, allergies, or endocrinopathies.
- MRSP is a common cause of deep pyoderma.
- Treatment for deep pyoderma is more aggressive and may involve systemic antibiotics, addressing underlying causes, and surgical intervention in some cases.
- The prognosis for deep pyoderma is generally good, but it can be more challenging to treat and may result in scarring or alopecia in severe cases.
Treatment for Pyoderma
- Topical treatments for pyoderma include antibacterial shampoos, mousses, foams, sprays, rinses, ointments, creams, gels, and wipes.
- Common active ingredients in topical treatments include chlorhexidine.
- Systemic antibiotics are often used for more severe cases of pyoderma or when topical treatments are ineffective.
- When MRSP is suspected, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing are necessary to guide antibiotic selection.
- Owners should be educated about the potential zoonotic nature of MRSP and appropriate hygiene measures.
- In areas with high rates of MRSP infection, it's important to take extra precautions to prevent the spread of bacteria.
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Description
This quiz covers two conditions in veterinary dermatology: Impetigo and Postgrooming Furunculosis. Learn about their characteristics, symptoms, treatments, and the importance of managing predisposing factors to ensure the health of dogs. Ideal for veterinary students and professionals.