Vascular Brainstem Syndrome Lecture 8
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is part of the midbrain located in the brainstem?

  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Thalamus
  • Tectum (correct)
  • Pons

    • What is the primary function attributed to the brainstem?

  • Memory formation
  • Regulation of vital functions (correct)
  • Higher cognitive processes
  • Sensory perception

    • Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with the brainstem?

  • Facial nerve
  • Olfactory nerve (correct)
  • Vagus nerve
  • Optic nerve

    • Which tract is primarily involved in motor coordination?

    <p>Spinocerebellar Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a relay for various sensory inputs in the brain?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is responsible for supplying 80% of the brain's blood?

    <p>Carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of brainstem lesions?

    <p>Loss of coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The connection from the medulla spinalis to the brain includes which component?

    <p>Corticospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the posterior cerebral arteries?

    <p>Supply the medial surface of the temporal and occipital lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies the anterior part of the cerebellum?

    <p>Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of the brainstem is linked to the regulation of sleep cycles?

    <p>Central nervous system awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The circle of Willis connects which types of arteries?

    <p>Anterior and posterior cerebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the basal ganglia?

    <p>Lecticular straight arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood supply to the brain is delivered by the vertebral arteries?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is associated with the supply to the hippocampus and amygdala?

    <p>Anterior choroidal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves originate from the brainstem?

    <p>Cranial nerves III and IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected effect of damage to the left III cranial nerve?

    <p>Right hemiparesis with ipsilateral pupil dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily associated with dysphagia?

    <p>Nervus X (Vagus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most indicative of damage in the midbrain?

    <p>Unresponsive pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is caused by a lesion affecting the red nucleus?

    <p>Ataxia and tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Horner's syndrome, which of the following is NOT a common feature?

    <p>Flushing of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical motor pathway effects observed with damage to the pontine region?

    <p>Hyperkinesis and ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes a clinical sign of diplopia?

    <p>Double vision in both eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are primarily affected by lesions in the tegmentum of the brainstem?

    <p>III, IV, and VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vascular supply for the anterior part of the brain?

    <p>Internal carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does occlusion of the basilar artery generally have?

    <p>It results in extensive infarction affecting all areas supplied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in motor functions affected by strokes in the brain stem?

    <p>Cranial Nerve VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome has a strong association with symptoms affecting the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Vascular brain syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary symptoms are expected in vascular brainstem syndrome?

    <p>Multiple neurological deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause of brainstem syndrome?

    <p>Demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure serves as a junction for the vertebral and basilar arteries?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hyponatremia treated according to the provided content?

    <p>With a high-salt diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the eye on the side of the lesion in Lateral Midbrain Syndrome?

    <p>Eye moves down and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are typically associated with Medial Pontine Syndrome?

    <p>Vertigo and nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Locked-in Syndrome, which functions typically remain intact?

    <p>Consciousness and vertical eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely symptom if the abducens nerve (Nervus VI) is affected?

    <p>Loss of lateral gaze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the potential motor deficits seen in Bilateral Basis Pontis lesions?

    <p>Quadriplegia affecting all four limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of contralateral pain and temperature disturbances?

    <p>Damage to the corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are affected in Lateral Pontine Syndrome?

    <p>Nervus VII and VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ocular movement is compromised due to a lesion in the third cranial nerve (Nervus III)?

    <p>Downward and lateral movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Supply to the Brain

    • Carotid Arteries: Supply 80% of the brain, focusing on the middle and anterior portions.
    • Vertebral Arteries: Supply 20% of the brain, contributing to the medial aspects of the cerebrum and uniting to form the Basilar Artery.
    • Cerebral Arteries: Include Middle, Posterior, and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries, each serving specific regions of the brain.

    Circulation in the Brain

    • Anterior Circulation: Engages Anterior Cerebral Arteries (ACA) and Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA).
    • Posterior Circulation: Involves Posterior Cerebral Arteries (PCA), interconnected via the Circle of Willis.
    • Other Arteries: Include Superior Cerebellar Arteries (SCA) and Lenticulostriate Arteries (LSA) for basal ganglia supply.

    Brainstem Overview

    • Brainstem connects cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
    • Contains cranial nerves: all originate from brainstem except for I (olfactory) and II (optic).

    Functions of Brainstem

    • Vital functions: Regulates heart rate, respiration, and consciousness cycles.
    • Acts as a conduit for pathways connecting different brain structures.

    Brainstem Lesions

    • Lesions can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the affected region, including motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction:
      • Motor Deficits: Weakness in upper/lower extremities, coordination disturbances.
      • Sensory Deficits: Impaired pain and temperature sensation.

    Vascular Brainstem Syndrome

    • Associated with obstruction of blood flow to the brainstem leading to multiple neurological symptoms due to compromised vascular integrity.
    • Common causes: Vascular pathology, trauma, infection, demyelination.

    Key Symptoms of Brainstem Dysfunction

    • Alternating Hemiparesis: Contralateral weakness with ipsilateral cranial nerve signs.
    • Vertigo and Dizziness: Associated with cranial nerve VIII, particularly in pons lesions.
    • Gaze Palsy, Diplopia: Eye movement abnormalities linked to cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.

    Specific Conditions and Syndromes

    • Locked-in Syndrome: Bilateral pontine lesion leading to quadriplegia and inability to speak, while consciousness remains intact.
    • Anterior Medial Midbrain Syndrome (Weber Syndrome): Affects midbrain with specific eye movement and pupil responses and contralateral hemiparesis.

    Pontine Syndromes

    • Medial Pontine Syndrome: Results in contralateral sensory deficits and ipsilateral eye movement issues.
    • Lateral Pontine Syndrome: Involves cranial nerves VII, VIII with cerebellar involvement but no motor deficits.

    Management and Recognition

    • Early recognition of brainstem syndromes is crucial for treatment and management.
    • Understanding vascularization patterns aids in diagnosing stroke and other neurological conditions.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 8 - Vascular Brainstem Syndrome (PDF)

    Description

    This lecture focuses on the vascular supply to the cerebrum, including the major arteries such as the carotid and vertebral arteries. It covers their roles in supplying different portions of the brain, particularly in the context of brainstem syndromes. Understand the implications of vascular supply on brain function and clinical outcomes.

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