Micro W12: Infections of the Urinary Tract
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Questions and Answers

Who is especially prone to urinary tract infections?

  • Women due to shorter urethra (correct)
  • Older men with prostate issues
  • Men with a longer urethra
  • Children with frequent colds

    • What is the most common microorganism associated with urinary tract infections?

  • Escherichia coli (correct)
  • Chlamydia
  • Mycoplasma
  • Staphylococcus aureus

    • Which symptom is commonly associated with urinary tract infections?

  • Dysuria (correct)
  • Frequent headaches
  • Increased appetite
  • Skin rashes

    • Which risk factor contributes to the higher incidence of urinary tract infections in women?

    <p>Proximity of urethra to anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common causative agent of urethritis?

    <p>E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended preventive measure for diabetics to reduce the risk of UTIs?

    <p>Regular glucose level monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is referred to as a bladder infection?

    <p>Cystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What follows once the causative pathogen of a UTI is identified?

    <p>General health assessment of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious complication can untreated cystitis lead to?

    <p>Kidney infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fungal infections of the urinary tract is correct?

    <p>Candida species is the most common cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is primarily responsible for pyelonephritis?

    <p>E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are urinary tract infections primarily caused?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease can follow an oral streptococcal or viral infection and cause kidney damage?

    <p>Glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of urine culture and sensitivity testing in UTIs?

    <p>To detect and diagnose the causative organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of urinary tract infections in older or hospitalized patients?

    <p>Urinary catheters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention can help prevent urinary tract infections in both men and women?

    <p>Drinking plenty of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

    • UTIs are common bacterial infections, increasingly challenging due to antimicrobial resistance. They sometimes overlap with sexually transmitted diseases. Women are more prone due to a shorter urethra.

    Urinary System Structures

    • The urinary system includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

    Symptoms of UTIs

    • Common symptoms include urgency to urinate, dysuria (painful urination), frequent urination with small amounts, and blood/pus or cloudy/strong-smelling urine. Also possible are nausea/vomiting, irritability, and mental status changes.

    Types of UTIs

    Urethritis

    • Infection limited to the urethra.
    • Common causative agents include E. coli, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Trichomonas vaginalis, Enterococci, and Candida albicans. Catheter use is a source in older or hospitalized patients.

    Cystitis

    • Infection in the urinary bladder (bladder infection).
    • Usually caused by E. coli. Bacteria travel up the urethra, potentially via catheters.
    • Inflammation can occur. Untreated cystitis can spread to kidneys, causing more severe infection. Treatment involves fluids and antimicrobial drugs.

    Pyelonephritis

    • Kidney infection.
    • Can cause extensive and permanent damage. Primarily caused by E. coli.

    Leptospirosis

    • Caused by Leptospira interrogans, a zoonotic organism.
    • Reservoir animals include dogs, cats, and rats.
    • Transmitted by skin/mucosal contact from urine-contaminated water. Many cases are asymptomatic.

    Glomerulonephritis

    • Inflammation and damage to kidney glomeruli. Implicated as an immune complex disorder.
    • Often follows streptococcal or viral infections.
    • Can cause permanent kidney damage and can be fatal. Antigen-antibody complexes in kidneys cause inflammation and damage. Nephrotic syndrome is a possible outcome with edema and proteinuria.

    Diagnosis of UTIs

    • A "clean catch" urine sample is collected for evaluation.
    • Antibiotic sensitivity testing is performed (organism susceptibility is determined via streaking on blood agar).

    Risk Factors for UTIs

    • Diabetics: Poor glucose and blood pressure control.
    • Patients with catheters: Frequent catheter and surrounding area cleaning; prompt catheter removal.
    • Infants/children with urinary tract abnormalities: Early identification and corrective procedures.
    • Women: Anatomical proximity of urethra to anus.
    • Men (under 50): Relatively low occurrence. Uncircumcised men have higher risk.

    Prevention of UTIs

    • Diabetics: Control glucose and blood pressure.
    • Catheter patients: Frequent cleaning; removal ASAP.
    • Infants/children: Early diagnosis, corrective surgery or procedures.
    • General measures: Avoid resisting urination, cleanse genitals before intercourse, urinate after intercourse, and drink ample water daily.

    Treatment of UTIs

    • Specific antibiotics are used after identifying the causative pathogen.
    • Patient health is a part of treatment.
    • Symptoms typically clear within days.
    • Antibiotics may continue for a week to prevent recurrence. Severe cases or frequent recurrence may require hospitalization and IV antibiotics.

    Bacterial UTIs

    • Many organisms cause UTIs, but Escherichia coli is most common.
    • Infection may remain in the urethra or spread to the bladder/kidneys.
    • Infection location defines the type of UTI. Nearly all UTIs are caused by bacteria.

    Viral, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections

    • Viral UTIs (e.g., Polyomaviruses JC and BK, Cytomegalovirus, Adenovirus) are uncommon.
    • Fungal infections (primarily Candida species) usually affect the bladder/kidneys from catheters or the bloodstream.
    • Parasitic infections (e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis, Schistosoma haematobium) are infrequent.

    Summary

    • E. coli is the most common organism associated with UTIs, but Mycoplasma and Chlamydia are significant contributors.
    • Urine cultures and sensitivity tests are crucial for diagnosis.
    • Infections often start in the urethra and can migrate to the bladder and kidneys.
    • Women are at higher risk due to urethra length and proximity to the anus.

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