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Questions and Answers
Leptospira interrogans is a gram positive bacteria that forms spores.
Leptospira interrogans is a gram positive bacteria that forms spores.
False
The first phase of leptospirosis is characterized by flu-like symptoms such as fever and headache.
The first phase of leptospirosis is characterized by flu-like symptoms such as fever and headache.
True
Doxycycline is not an effective treatment for leptospirosis.
Doxycycline is not an effective treatment for leptospirosis.
False
A voided midstream specimen collection is a method used for diagnosing UTI.
A voided midstream specimen collection is a method used for diagnosing UTI.
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Immunofluorescence can be used to observe motile bacteria under a dark field microscope.
Immunofluorescence can be used to observe motile bacteria under a dark field microscope.
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In abnormal urine analysis, the presence of glucose is indicative of potential diabetes.
In abnormal urine analysis, the presence of glucose is indicative of potential diabetes.
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RBCs in urine typically indicate a healthy urinary system.
RBCs in urine typically indicate a healthy urinary system.
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Sodium borate can be used to preserve urine samples for more than 24 hours at room temperature.
Sodium borate can be used to preserve urine samples for more than 24 hours at room temperature.
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An infection in the bladder is called urethritis.
An infection in the bladder is called urethritis.
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Pyelonephritis is an infection of one or both kidneys.
Pyelonephritis is an infection of one or both kidneys.
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Schistosoma haematobium lays eggs after 12 weeks of infection, producing 20-200 eggs per day.
Schistosoma haematobium lays eggs after 12 weeks of infection, producing 20-200 eggs per day.
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Pyuria is indicative of the presence of pus cells in urine.
Pyuria is indicative of the presence of pus cells in urine.
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Leptospirosis is caused by a virus known as Leptospira.
Leptospirosis is caused by a virus known as Leptospira.
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The eggs of Schistosoma haematobium are passed in urine and can penetrate the bladder or colon.
The eggs of Schistosoma haematobium are passed in urine and can penetrate the bladder or colon.
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Re-infection occurs within 2 weeks after earlier UTI by different pathogens.
Re-infection occurs within 2 weeks after earlier UTI by different pathogens.
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E. Coli can invade deeper tissues of the urinary tract and can be resistant to antibiotics.
E. Coli can invade deeper tissues of the urinary tract and can be resistant to antibiotics.
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The bacteria responsible for leptospirosis can survive in urine-contaminated environments for only a few days.
The bacteria responsible for leptospirosis can survive in urine-contaminated environments for only a few days.
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Cercariae are the free-swimming larvae of Schistosoma that penetrate unprotected skin.
Cercariae are the free-swimming larvae of Schistosoma that penetrate unprotected skin.
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Leptospira interrogans is the only species responsible for leptospirosis in humans and animals.
Leptospira interrogans is the only species responsible for leptospirosis in humans and animals.
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Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water.
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Treponema pallidum is the causative organism of Gonorrhea.
Treponema pallidum is the causative organism of Gonorrhea.
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Human-to-human transmission of leptospirosis is very common and occurs through casual contact.
Human-to-human transmission of leptospirosis is very common and occurs through casual contact.
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Chlamydia trachomatis causes both nongonococcal and lymphogranuloma venereum urethritis.
Chlamydia trachomatis causes both nongonococcal and lymphogranuloma venereum urethritis.
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Acute infection with dysuria and urethral discharge typically occurs within 7 to 14 days.
Acute infection with dysuria and urethral discharge typically occurs within 7 to 14 days.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus.
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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common cause of gonococcal urethritis in males.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common cause of gonococcal urethritis in males.
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Asymptomatic infections in gonorrhea occur in 25-30% of cases.
Asymptomatic infections in gonorrhea occur in 25-30% of cases.
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Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection during delivery.
Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection during delivery.
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Complications of gonorrhea in females can include ectopic pregnancy and ovarian torsion.
Complications of gonorrhea in females can include ectopic pregnancy and ovarian torsion.
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Bacteria are the primary causative organisms in urinary tract infections (UTIs), responsible for over 95% of cases.
Bacteria are the primary causative organisms in urinary tract infections (UTIs), responsible for over 95% of cases.
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Lactobacilli are responsible for maintaining an alkaline pH in the vagina, inhibiting the growth of most other microbes.
Lactobacilli are responsible for maintaining an alkaline pH in the vagina, inhibiting the growth of most other microbes.
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UTIs are more common in pregnant women due to increased levels of lactobacilli caused by higher estrogen levels.
UTIs are more common in pregnant women due to increased levels of lactobacilli caused by higher estrogen levels.
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The hematogenous route is one of the ways through which urinary tract infections can occur.
The hematogenous route is one of the ways through which urinary tract infections can occur.
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Candida albicans is a type of virus that can cause urinary tract infections.
Candida albicans is a type of virus that can cause urinary tract infections.
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The presence of urease enzyme in certain bacteria can lead to an increase in urine pH and can be toxic to kidney formation.
The presence of urease enzyme in certain bacteria can lead to an increase in urine pH and can be toxic to kidney formation.
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Trichomonas and Schistosoma haematobium are classified as fungi that can cause urinary tract infections.
Trichomonas and Schistosoma haematobium are classified as fungi that can cause urinary tract infections.
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E. coli is one of the main bacteria found in the normal microbiota of the urinary system.
E. coli is one of the main bacteria found in the normal microbiota of the urinary system.
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The secondary stage of syphilis begins immediately after the primary stage starts.
The secondary stage of syphilis begins immediately after the primary stage starts.
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Chancroid is caused by a gram-negative bacterium known as Haemophilus ducreyii.
Chancroid is caused by a gram-negative bacterium known as Haemophilus ducreyii.
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Tertiary syphilis can lead to damage of the heart and inflammation of the aorta.
Tertiary syphilis can lead to damage of the heart and inflammation of the aorta.
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Genital herpes is primarily caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1).
Genital herpes is primarily caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1).
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A painful chancre that bleeds easily is a symptom of herpes.
A painful chancre that bleeds easily is a symptom of herpes.
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Antibody detection for syphilis can be done using methods like ELISA and VDRL.
Antibody detection for syphilis can be done using methods like ELISA and VDRL.
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The lesions caused by primary syphilis heal spontaneously within 1 to 5 weeks.
The lesions caused by primary syphilis heal spontaneously within 1 to 5 weeks.
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Women are more commonly affected by chancroid than men.
Women are more commonly affected by chancroid than men.
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Study Notes
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- UTIs are infections of the urinary tract, an area that includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- The most common cause is bacteria, specifically E. coli, although a myriad of different pathogens can cause UTI.
- E. coli bacteria are often responsible for more than 95% of UTI cases.
- UTIs can occur at multiple locations within the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection.
- Cystitis is a bladder infection.
- Urethritis is an infection of the urethra.
E. Coli Bacteria
- E. coli bacteria are gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria; they can be found in the gut and environment.
- Average size is 3 microns.
- These bacteria have flagella, DNA, outer membrane, cell wall, periplasmic space, plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and pili.
UTI Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Symptoms of a UTI can include fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, burning with urination.
- Pyuria (pus in urine) is a common symptom and can be detected with a urinalysis that checks for white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine.
- Hematuria (blood in urine) may be present in some individuals due to bacterial infection, stones, or kidney damage.
- Bacteriuria, the presence of bacteria in the urine, can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, as many pathogens can be present in urine without any symptoms.
UTI Risk Factors
- Insufficient fluid intake/dehydration
- Poor personal hygiene
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- Diabetes or immunosuppression
- Prostatic hypertrophy and vaginal atrophy (estrogen deficiency)
- Catheterization
- Lack of circumcision
- Spinal cord injury
- Kidney stones
- Short female urethra
- Sexual intercourse
Natural Defenses in the Urinary System
- Flushing action of urine
- Acidic pH of urine
- Secretory IgA
- High urea concentration
- Presence of antimicrobial proteins in the urine
- Normal flora
UTI Types/Causes
- Re-infection: Occurs more than 4 weeks after initial infection by different pathogens and bacteria avoid destroyed by antibiotics.
- Relapse UTI: Occurs within 2 weeks of treatment for an earlier UTI by the same pathogen.
Urinary Schistosomiasis
- A parasitic infection caused by the trematode Schistosoma haematobium, transmitted via cercaria penetration of skin from contaminated water.
- Symptoms include skin rash, intensive irritation at the infection site, which causes the presence of eggs in the urine and RBCs.
Leptospirosis
- Caused by spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira.
- Spread by urine of animals (rodents, dogs, livestock, pigs, and other wildlife).
- Bacteria can survive for weeks/months in contaminated water and soil.
- Transmission includes direct contact with infected animals; contact with infected water.
- Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, and can involve kidney (renal failure), lungs (cough), and liver involvement.
Genital Infections and STIs
- STIs are infections transmitted through sexual contact.
- Common STIs (types of pathogens) include syphilis from Treponema pallidum , Gonorrhea from Neisseria gonorrhea, chlamydia from Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes from Herpes Simplex Viruses, genital warts from human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis, hepatitis B and HIV.
- Genital herpes is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus, (different types).
- Modes of transmission commonly include sexual intercourse or mother to child during pregnancy/childbirth, and through blood transfusions/contaminated objects.
Additional Information
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are diagnosed using microscopic examinations of urine samples.
- UTI diagnosis and treatment are determined based on symptoms, risk factors, microscopic examination, and culture results, often including bacterial testing for antibiotic susceptibility for personalized treatment.
- Common treatment includes antibiotics and/or supportive care; treatment depends on pathogen and severity.
Prostatitis
- Prostatitis is the infection or inflammation of the prostate gland.
- Causes of prostatitis include recurrent catheterizations, UTIs, and recreational activities such as rectal intercourse and STDs.
- Common symptoms include lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, pain during intercourse, and pain in the rectum.
- PSA test is used to asses for cancer.
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), focusing on the bacteria E. coli as the primary cause. It addresses symptoms, diagnosis, and the different types of urinary infections such as pyelonephritis and cystitis. Test your knowledge on these crucial health topics!
