Urinary Tract Infections and E. Coli

An infection in any part of the urinary tract caused by microorganisms multiplying.

Kidney infection; an infection of one or both kidneys.

UTI occurring more than 4 weeks after a previous infection, caused by a NEW microorganism.

UTI occurring within 2 weeks of treatment for a previous infection, caused by the SAME microorganism.

Presence of pus cells (white blood cells) in urine, indicative of a urinary tract infection or inflammation; use lab tests (urine dipstick and centrifuged urine sample).

Characteristics of bacteria that increase their ability to cause UTIs. Such as adhesion molecules, flagella, capsules, and enzymes.

The beneficial bacteria normally present in the vagina, maintaining an acidic environment.

Higher levels of estrogen promote the growth of beneficial vaginal bacteria, lowering UTI risk. Lower estrogen decreases beneficial bacteria leading to higher risk of UTI.

The different methods by which infections enter the urinary system. A common route is ascending (from the lower urethra to the kidneys).

Pregnancy can increase the risk of UTIs due to physiological and anatomical changes in the urinary system.

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and other bacteria are the main causes of UTIs.

UTIs vary in prevalence across different age groups. Incidence is significant in infants, pre-schoolers, adults and older people.

A parasitic infection caused by the schistosome parasite, leading to egg deposition in the bladder.

A complex life cycle involving water, snails, and humans. Cercariae penetrate the skin; mature in the bladder; eggs are passed in urine.

A bacterial infection spread through contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water.

The genus of bacteria causing leptospirosis.

The bacteria contaminate water and soil, direct contact with urine or reproductive fluids from infected animals are major modes of infection.

The presence of eggs in the urine or blood is indicative of schistosome infection.

Tightly coiled spiral bacteria with a bend or hook at one or both ends.

Eggs produced by the parasite in the bladder, after a time of infection.

Treponema pallidum is the bacteria that causes syphilis.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacteria causing gonorrhea.

Hemophilus ducreyii is the bacteria causing chancroid (soft chancre).

Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacteria causing lymphogranuloma venereum.

NGU is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma, and Trichomonas vaginalis, among others.

HHV2 (60%) and HHV1 (40%) cause genital herpes.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is the virus that causes venereal warts or genital warts.

A spiral bacterium, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, causing leptospirosis.

Two phases: the initial 'immune phase' with flu-like symptoms, followed by a more serious 'Weil's disease' phase affecting multiple organs.

Urine volume of 10 mL is significant pyuria indicative of a urinary tract infection(UTI). 20 mL of urine is needed to identify mycobacteria or fungi.

Various methods exist—midstream urine, catheterized urine, and suprapubic aspiration—depending on the patient and situation.

Urine specimens should be tested within 2-hours, or preservatives used like Sodium borate .

Urine culture utilizes MA, BA, and CLED agar media for microbial growth.

A stage of syphilis that follows the primary infection and is characterized by a skin rash, fever, and swollen glands.

Proteins (damaged glomeruli), glucose (diabetes), ketones, bilirubin (liver issues), RBCs (infection, stones), urobilinogen, or galactose.

95% water, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Mg, HCO3).

A stage of syphilis where symptoms disappear, but the infection remains in the body and can reactivate later.

A late stage of syphilis that can damage multiple organs, including the brain, heart, and blood vessels.

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi and characterized by painful sores.

A viral infection of the genitals caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

Techniques to identify syphilis include antibody detection (ELISA, PCR, VDRL) and bacterial detection (dark field microscopy, immunofluorescence).

Antibiotics such as penicillin are commonly used to treat syphilis.

Azithromycin is a common treatment for chancroid.