Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) - Definitions and Concepts

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What is the definition of UTI?

The presence of WBCs in the urine

The presence of bacteria in the urine without symptoms

A complication of diabetes mellitus

A constellation of symptoms resulting from an inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion (correct)

What is bacteriuria?

A type of complicated UTI

A type of sterile pyuria

The presence of bacteria in the urine, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic (correct)

The presence of WBCs in the urine

What is pyuria?

A type of renal stone

The presence of bacteria in the urine

A type of urinary tract infection

The presence of WBCs in the urine, implying an inflammatory response (correct)

What is an uncomplicated UTI?

A UTI occurring in a patient with a structurally and functionally normal urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

What is a complicated UTI?

A UTI occurring in a patient with a structurally and functionally abnormal urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor suggesting a potential complicated UTI?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between complicated and uncomplicated UTIs?

Complicated UTIs take longer to respond to antibiotic treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an isolated UTI?

An interval of at least 6 months between infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common bacterial pathogen causing UTI?

E. coli Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of UTI in women?

Around 50% of women experience one or more episodes in their lifetime Signup and view all the answers

What is the incidence of UTI in women per year?

3% per year Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of infection for the vast majority of UTIs?

Ascending from the urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which certain Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, attach to urothelial cells?

Pili (fimbriae) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of cystitis?

Suprapubic pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including a pelvic examination in women during the investigation of UTI?

To assess for atrophic vaginitis, prolapse, and urethral diverticulum Signup and view all the answers

What does leucocyte esterase activity detect in a dipstick test?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bacteria that enter the urinary tract through the bloodstream?

Haematogenous Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for infection and/or inflammation of the bladder?

Cystitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of pyelonephritis?

Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infections are secondary to E. coli?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of upper urinary tract infection?

Flank pain and fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of retrograde bacterial ascent from bladder to kidney?

Obstruction that interferes with ureteric peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

When should further investigations be undertaken?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What imaging modality is used to investigate upper urinary tract infection?

USS (or CT if suspecting stones) Signup and view all the answers

In patients with a fever but no signs of systemic illness, what is the recommended management approach?

Outpatient management with oral antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infections, assuming E. coli resistance is below 38%?

Ciprofloxacin 500mg bd for 7–10 days Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of urinary sepsis?

Presence or manipulation of indwelling urinary catheters Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of epididymitis?

Infection ascends from the urethra or bladder Signup and view all the answers

In which patient group is epididymitis commonly seen?

Sexually active men Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an inflammatory condition of the epididymis and testis?

Epididymo-orchitis Signup and view all the answers