Understanding Human Development and Aging

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is selective attrition in the context of research studies?

When all participants remain throughout the study.

When random subjects drop out of a study.

When subjects become unreachable and affect the study.

When participants that drop out are not representative of the original sample. (correct)

Which of the following options is NOT considered a type of research method?

Transportation surveys (correct)

Epidemiological studies

Laboratory studies

Qualitative studies

Which of the following adjustments is NOT recommended for aging in place?

Installing a staircase for easier access (correct)

Improving lighting

Removing tripping hazards

Lower water heater temperature

Which part of Medicare is specifically for hospital insurance?

Medicare Part A Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur in the skin with aging?

Fewer active hair follicles and loss of elasticity in connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What health issues can result from untreated hypertension?

Heart disease and stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of nursing homes?

Skilled nursing and intermediate care facilities Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are combined in most efficient study designs?

Age, cohort, and time of measurement Signup and view all the answers

What is the increased risk of mortality associated with never brushing at night compared to brushing every day?

20-35% Signup and view all the answers

How much muscle mass is typically lost per decade from ages 40 to 70?

8% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to increasing mortality risk for older adults?

Eating a healthy diet Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of muscle mass is typically lost per decade after the age of 70?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which activity does NOT fall under the category of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)?

Bathing Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases?

Tobacco use Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of metabolic syndrome?

Excess fat around the waist Signup and view all the answers

Which fall prevention strategy is NOT mentioned?

Adopting a strict diet Signup and view all the answers

What does the general slowing hypothesis suggest about aging?

It causes an increase in response time. Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is NOT considered to decline with aging?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of executive function?

Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended driving safety tip for older adults?

Use well-lit streets and easy parking. Signup and view all the answers

According to Vaillant’s theory, which defense mechanism is classified as immature?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

How does the communication predicament model explain the behavior of others towards older adults?

It leads to patronizing communication. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive strategy do older adults tend to rely on more effectively?

Heuristics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for older adults to enhance driving safety?

Engage in active conversations while driving. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of individuals when they perceive their time as limited, according to socioemotional selectivity theory?

Emotional rewards of relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the widowhood effect in the context of relationships and mortality?

Increased probability of death among the widowed compared to married individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the intergenerational solidarity model emphasizes emotional connections within a family?

Affectional Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more commonly associated with older adults experiencing depression compared to younger adults?

Irritability and crying outbursts Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of older adults is affected by panic disorder?

3.8% Signup and view all the answers

What type of elder abuse involves depriving an individual of basic necessities and care?

Neglect Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder in older adults is noted for typically being adolescent-limited but has a persistent life course variety as well?

Antisocial personality disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized sign of elder abuse?

Increased social activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the biopsychosocial model?

It integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Signup and view all the answers

What principle of adult development highlights that changes occur continuously throughout one's life?

Changes are continuous over the life span Signup and view all the answers

What division of the over-65 population includes individuals aged 85 and older?

Oldest-old Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that well-being in older adults depends on remaining active?

Activity Theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the terror management theory, what leads to the distancing from older adults?

Fear of mortality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory focuses on self-expression?

Initiative vs. guilt Signup and view all the answers

What does replicative senescence refer to?

The loss of the ability of cells to reproduce Signup and view all the answers

What does the telomere theory of aging propose?

Telomeres shorten with each cellular replication. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are indicative of anorexia-cachexia syndrome?

Excessive fluid secretions Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'death ethos' refer to?

Societal attitudes and representations towards death Signup and view all the answers

In the Dual Process Model of Bereavement, what does 'loss-oriented' refer to?

Breaking ties and working through grief Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of 'superagers' as defined in the brain characteristics?

Supportive social relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason older adults might experience a paradox of well-being?

They have lower expectations from life Signup and view all the answers

Which determinant is included in the WHO's concept of active aging?

Economic factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of death rituals reflecting a society's death ethos?

Incorporating beliefs in the afterlife Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be considered part of the 'restoration-oriented' activities in the Dual Process Model?

Relocating to a new home Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1

Biopsychosocial model combines biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors in understanding human development and aging
- Biological: physical changes, genetics
- Sociocultural: social context, history, culture
- Psychological: cognition, personality, emotions
Adult development and aging principles: changes are continuous, survivors grow older, individuality matters, normal aging differs from disease
Divisions of over-65 population: young-old (65-74), old-old (75-84), oldest-old (85+), centenarians (100+ and 110+)

Chapter 2

Activity Theory: well-being is linked to remaining active
Ageism: judging older adults negatively, fear of mortality (Terror Management Theory), societal obsolescence (Modernization Hypothesis)
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory: stages of development across lifespan affect development & aging, including trust vs. mistrust (0-1.5yrs), autonomy vs. shame (1.5-3yrs), etc. (includes 6-12yrs & 12-21yrs)
Replicative Senescence & Telomere Theory: with each replication, telomeres shorten, eventually leading to the cell's inability to reproduce; this impacts aging.

Chapter 3

Research Designs: longitudinal (same cohort over time) vs. cross-sectional (different cohorts at same time), attrition (subjects drop out), selective attrition (dropouts not representative).
Research Methods: Laboratory, qualitative, archival research surveys, epidemiological, case reports, focus groups, daily diaries, observational methods, meta-analysis

Chapter 12

Care Facilities vs. Aging in Place: comparing nursing homes, residential care, and assisted living to remaining in one's own home.
Nursing homes/residential care facilities: skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care.
Aging in Place: adjusting one's home for safety and comfort as they age, move items to easy reach, grab bars in the shower, improved lighting, lower water heater temp.
Hypertension: persistently elevated blood pressure, leading to multiple health issues.

Chapter 4

Age-related skin changes: fewer active hair follicles, reduced sebaceous/sweat gland activity, thinning of epidermis, loss of elasticity, less subcutaneous fat.
Dental health and mortality: lack of daily brushing/flossing, regular dental checkups link to higher mortality rates.
Sarcopenia: age-related muscle loss, affecting strength, mobility, impacting everyday functioning.
Fall prevention: exercise, eyeglasses, prosthetics, shower chairs/bath benches, keeping objects handy for ease of access, etc.

Chapter 5

Activities of daily living (ADLs): basic self-care tasks like eating, bathing, dressing; instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs): more complex tasks like using the phone, shopping, cooking, finance management.
Lifestyle risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity contribute to chronic disease.
Vascular system: atherosclerosis and stroke.

Chapter 6

Cognitive changes with aging: general slowing hypothesis (processing speed and age declines), age-complexity hypothesis (diminished performance as tasks become complex), exercises to improve health and flexibility, and driving safety for older adults (consideration of daylight, weather, routes, possible cognitive impairment).

Chapter 7

Communication predicament model: age-related stereotypes can lead to patronizing communication with older adults, impacting social interactions and self-esteem.
Executive function: self-monitoring, inhibition, and related components (ch 7 part 2 slides).

Chapter 8

Psychodynamic theory: ego psychology influences behavior, early relationships shape later self-development and relationships; defense mechanisms change over time.
Vaillant's theory: identifying the types of immature, intermediate and mature defense mechanisms.
Socioemotional selectivity theory: older adults focus more on enriching emotional aspects of relationships due to perceived time constraints.

Chapter 9

Widowhood: greater likelihood of death after widowhood, compared to married individuals.
Family obligations and divorce: commitment to family obligations, especially among women, and impact on intergenerational solidarity model.

Chapter 11

Age and depression: age difference in depressive symptoms.

Chapter 13

Signs of imminent death: being disoriented, breathing irregularly, visual/auditory hallucinations, reduced vision, diminished urine production, mumbling, skin mottling, cachexia (muscle waste), decreased appetite (anorexia).
Death ethos: funeral rituals, cultural views on death and dying.
Dual Process Model of Bereavement: describes the process of grief and coping.

Chapter 14

Active aging: positive aging, involving maintaining health, social life and cognitive abilities throughout late adulthood.
Brain characteristics associated with "superagers": supportive social relationships, improved network connectivity ("super aging genotype"), faster encoding, greater brain plasticity, greater cortical thickness.
Paradox of well-being: Older adults are more optimistic and have developed better social skills.
Creativity and generativity in older age: Older adults are often more creative and have more experience, leading to more mature sense of generativity as they see their whole lives' accomplishments.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from Chapters 1 and 2 regarding the biopsychosocial model of human development and theories of aging. Topics include adult development principles, activity theory, ageism, and Erikson's psychosocial stages. Test your knowledge on how biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors influence aging.