Human Development and Aging Quiz

14 Questions

What is the concept that describes development as having both gains and losses in different areas?

Development is multidirectional

What type of age is described as the actual age of an individual?

Chronological age

A 20-year-old individual with the mental capacity of an 8-year-old is an example of which type of age?

Psychological age

Which perspective believes that heredity plays the most important role in shaping who we are?

Nature

Who believed that children's abilities are shaped by their environment?

John Locke

What is the name of the perspective that believes that a fully formed human is implanted in the sperm or egg at conception?

Preformationist View

Who believed that children should be allowed to think by themselves according to their own ways and inner, biological timetable?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who believed that personality is formed during the first few years of life and is driven primarily by instincts?

Sigmund Freud

What type of crises may hinder our ability to deal with later stages of development if not faced and resolved in a positive way?

Psychosocial crises

Which theory best explains how young children frequently learn behaviors through imitation?

Social Learning Theory

Who developed the Social Learning Theory?

Albert Bandura

Who believed that a person not only has a set of abilities, but also a set of potential abilities that can be realized if given the proper guidance from others?

Lev Vygotsky

At which stage of development are the major structures of the body taking form, making the organism most vulnerable to damage?

Embryonic period

What part of the neuron allows the child to react immediately to certain stimuli?

Myelin sheath

Study Notes

Developmental Perspective

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, and multidirectional.
Lifespan perspective describes gains and losses in different areas of development.

Types of Age

Chronological age: based on birthdate (e.g., "I will turn 18 this December").
Biological age: related to physical development (e.g., a 20-year-old with cognitive impairment of an 8-year-old).
Psychological age: related to mental capacity and cognitive development.
Social age: related to social and cultural norms.

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature: heredity plays the most important role in shaping personality and features (e.g., height, weight).
Nurture: environment and experiences shape who we are (e.g., teachers, social circle).

Theories of Development

Preformationist View: children possess all their sensory capabilities and mental aptitude at birth, and develop according to a predetermined schedule.
John Locke: believes that children's minds are shaped by the environment.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: advocates for children to think and develop independently.
Sigmund Freud: believes that personality forms during the first few years of life, driven primarily by instincts.

Crisis and Development

Psychological crises: challenges in life that can hinder ability to deal with later stages.
Psychosocial crises: difficulties in life that can impact relationships and social development.

Learning Theories

Social Learning Theory: learning behaviors through imitation (e.g., young children learning behaviors).
Albert Bandura: developed the Social Learning Theory.

Cognitive Development

Lev Vygotsky: believes that people have a set of abilities and potential abilities that can be realized with proper guidance.
Jean Piaget: developed theories on teaching that have been adopted by educators.

Prenatal Development

Embryonic period: major structures of the body are forming, and the organism is most vulnerable to damage from harmful substances.

Teratogens

Teratogens: substances that can harm the developing fetus (e.g., cigarette, HIV, diabetes).
Coffee: not a teratogen.

Nervous System

Myelin sheath: speeds the rate of transmission of information of impulses, allowing the child to react immediately.
Axon: transmits information from the neuron to other cells.