Human Development Across the Lifespan
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Questions and Answers

What central question drives development throughout a person's lifespan?

  • The quest for knowledge and education
  • The need for safety and trust in others (correct)
  • The desire for social status and recognition
  • The need for independence and privacy

    • Which biological transition occurs when offspring leave home during middle and older adulthood?

  • Aging process
  • Initiation of grandparenthood
  • Retirement
  • Climacteric change (correct)

    • At what average age do individuals typically enter grandparenthood?

  • 50.5 years
  • 55.0 years
  • 57.0 years
  • 52.5 years (correct)

    • What is a significant life event that occurs around the age of 45 in both genders?

    <p>Climacteric change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the long human lifespan considered uniquely human?

    <p>Only humans live significantly beyond fertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might life transitions during middle and older adulthood affect individuals?

    <p>They can negatively impact adjustment and mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary goal of mental health treatment?

    <p>To assist individuals in building a life worth living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age range for men to launch their first child?

    <p>46.7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What life stage milestone is typically anticipated at around age 75 for women?

    <p>Being old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with stagnation and self-absorption, according to Erikson?

    <p>Lack of generativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental stage do adults often reminisce about their lives?

    <p>Integrity vs. despair stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults over age 64 were employed in 2023?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the expression of generativity through work?

    <p>Social connection and economic security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what average age do women retire as of the current data?

    <p>63 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT directly influenced by work?

    <p>Personal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason more individuals are working longer in life?

    <p>Increased longevity and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for generativity as described in the content?

    <p>Cultural roles and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes generativity according to Erikson?

    <p>Guiding the next generation and establishing values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Loyola Generativity Scale primarily measure?

    <p>The impact of personal knowledge on others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do generative individuals contribute to besides raising children?

    <p>Community developments and innovations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What internal factor is mentioned as contributing to motivation for generativity?

    <p>Attachment, caregiving and dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do acts of generativity affect middle-aged adults?

    <p>They provide a sense of care and investment in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of generative action?

    <p>Creating a community garden for local residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of narrative identity relate to generativity?

    <p>It evolves through remembered emotions and actions of generativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant attachment style observed in older adults?

    <p>Avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of young adults are reported to have a secure attachment style?

    <p>55–65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can avoidant attachment behavior be characterized?

    <p>As a self-protective mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon explains the desire for balance in benefits and costs in relationships?

    <p>Social exchange theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of aging leading to disability regarding attachment?

    <p>Maladaptive avoidant attachment becoming a health risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might help-rejecting behavior be problematic for elders in need of care?

    <p>It can create feelings of helplessness in caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does secure attachment influence the ability to accept unreciprocated care?

    <p>It enables individuals to accept care comfortably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to enhance an older adult's willingness to accept care?

    <p>Prior caregiving relationships with the caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between marital quality and loneliness?

    <p>Poor marital quality contributes to increased loneliness regardless of friendships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as impacting successful aging?

    <p>High levels of stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific challenge do LGBT adults aged 65 and over face?

    <p>Discrimination from both aging and sexual identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommendation for clinicians dealing with couples facing health problems?

    <p>Screen partners for relational health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the impact of marital strain on health?

    <p>Marital strain impacts unhealthy individuals more than healthy individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is noted regarding older individuals’ lifestyle choices?

    <p>Couples often share similar lifestyle habits that affect their aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted about the living situations of older gay and bisexual men?

    <p>About half live alone, indicating higher rates of isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding social determinants of health is correct?

    <p>Isms such as racism and ageism can exacerbate health challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological trait often correlates with intrusive caregiving behavior?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is linked to anxiety in caregiving?

    <p>Preoccupied attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of grandparents live in the same household as their grandchildren, based on recent statistics?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensitivity and responsiveness in caregiving are important factors in determining what?

    <p>Caregiving abilities throughout adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for individuals with avoidant attachment styles concerning caregiving?

    <p>They avoid taking on caregiving roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most likely to be a primary caregiver among grandparents in the United States?

    <p>Grandparents living with their grandchildren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of caregiving is associated with prosocial behavior and self-transcendent values?

    <p>Functional caregiving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does caregiving often influence generations within families?

    <p>Trajectories of one generation can affect others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Middle and Late Adulthood: Social Emotional Development

    • Key developmental tasks in middle and late adulthood include defining generativity, achieving integrity, and managing mood and anxiety.
    • Generativity is a concern with establishing and guiding the next generation.
    • Evidence suggests adults make meaning of their lives to feel a sense of integrity.
    • Mood and anxiety disorders are common in middle and older adulthood.
    • Attachment relationships and caregiving remain important in this stage of development.
    • Dominance systems continue to influence personality traits.
    • Personality variables matter for longevity and quality of life.

    Challenge (Age) and Virtue

    • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years): Question: How can I be safe enough to survive? Virtue: Hope
    • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Question: How can I take care of myself? Virtue: Will
    • Initiative vs. Guilt (3–6 years): Question: How can I have power? Virtue: Purpose
    • Industry vs. Inferiority (6–12 years): Question: How can I learn to use the tools of my culture? Virtue: Competence
    • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12–21 years): Question: Who am I? How do I fit into my community? Virtue: Fidelity
    • Intimacy vs. Isolation (21–41 years): Question: How can I love? Whom do I love? Virtue: Love
    • Generativity vs. Stagnation (41– end of life): Question: What contribution can I make to my community? How can my life matter? Virtue: Care
    • Integrity vs. Despair (End of life): Question: How can I make sense of my life? Did my life matter? Virtue: Wisdom

    Adult Developmental Milestones

    • Launching first child: Age 46.7 (SD 6.0) and 45.7 (SD 4.2)
    • Launching last child: 47.1 (SD 7.2) and 48.9 (SD 4.2)
    • Grandparenthood: 52.5 (SD 2.5) and 47.8 (SD 4.6)
    • Climacteric change: 45.7 (SD 7.0) and 47.0 (SD 5.1)
    • Divorce: 37.0 (SD 6.8) and 36.1 (SD 8.2)
    • Frailty of parents: 44.4 (SD 5.4) and 41.9 (SD 10.8)
    • Death of mother: 33.6 (SD 14.8) and 37.3 (SD 12.0)
    • Death of father: 36.0 (SD 11.1) and 35.6 (SD 11.6)
    • Retirement (anticipated): 62.1 (SD 3.8) and 62.7 (SD 6.6)
    • Being old (anticipated): 72.6 (SD 9.9) and 75.8 (SD 6.8)

    Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) Theory

    • Individuals select goals and strategies to best achieve their goals, optimize their resource use, and compensate for losses.
    • Resource losses tend to outpace gains in middle and late adulthood.

    Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST)

    • Future time perspective is important for self-regulation in middle and older adulthood.
    • People reflect on their lives and seek meaning and contribution in their remaining years.

    Generativity vs. Stagnation

    • Adults in their 20s and 30s focus on career and relationships; in 40s, concern with generativity increases.
    • Generativity involves contributing to the next generation.

    Loyola Generativity Scale

    • Measures generative concerns.
    • Examples of items include: passing along knowledge, making a difference to many people, and having contributions that live beyond the self.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Generativity and meaningful life goals are important aspects of mental health treatment for all individuals.
    • Mental health treatment should assist individuals to build a life worth living (even with dementia).
    • Remniscence is part of integrity vs. despair.
    • Clinicians should help older adults with life review and in a balanced compassionate way.

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    Related Documents

    Middle and Late Adulthood: Social Emotional Development PDF

    Description

    Explore the various stages of human development from middle adulthood to older adulthood. This quiz covers key milestones, life transitions, and significant events that shape individuals as they age. Test your knowledge on grandparenthood, retirement, and mental health goals related to aging.

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