Questions and Answers
What is the primary benefit of exercise for someone experiencing depression?
Which model emphasizes the influence of biological or genetic factors on mental health?
Which therapy model was founded by Sigmund Freud?
What do behavioural therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy both focus on?
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Which statement best describes the biopsychosocial approach to mental illness?
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What are the two types of conditioning central to behavioural therapy?
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Which type of therapy emphasizes cognition in determining feelings and behavior?
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Among the various therapy models, which ones have the strongest evidence bases?
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What is the best definition of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments?
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What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments?
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What result did Watson and Rayner achieve with Little Albert?
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Which of the following best describes the responses of Pavlov’s dogs to the metronome after conditioning?
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Which statement reflects a misconception about classical conditioning?
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What was one of the ethical concerns raised by Watson and Rayner's experiments with Little Albert?
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How did Pavlov demonstrate conditioning with a neutral stimulus?
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Which of the following describes a unique aspect of Watson’s behaviourist views?
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Study Notes
Advice for Depression
- Exercise is strongly linked to reduced symptoms of depression, supported by research findings.
Models of Psychological Therapy
- Four foundational therapy models: Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioural, and Cognitive Behavioural.
Biological Model
- Suggests emotional distress arises from biological/genetic factors, such as neurotransmitter deficits (e.g., serotonin, dopamine).
- Importance of a biopsychosocial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social influences on mental health.
Psychodynamic Therapy
- Founded by Sigmund Freud, recognized as the father of clinical psychology.
- Emphasizes the significance of therapist-client feelings, a concept still vital in mental health practice today.
Behavioural Therapy
- Focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal processes.
- Grounded in classical and operant conditioning principles.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Extends behavioural therapy by highlighting the impact of thoughts and cognitions on emotions and behaviors.
- Both behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies have strong empirical support for effectiveness.
Behaviourism
- Began in 1913 with John Watson's publication "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It."
- Postulates that all human psychology can be explained through classical conditioning processes.
Pavlov's Experiment
- Demonstrated classical conditioning through his work with dogs, linking unconditioned (natural) responses to conditioned stimuli.
- Unconditioned stimulus: meat powder; unconditioned response: salivation.
- Dogs salivated not only to meat, but also to associated stimuli (e.g., sounds related to food delivery).
Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov trained dogs to salivate in response to a neutral stimulus (clicking metronome) by pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder).
- After repeated pairings, the metronome alone elicited the salivating response, demonstrating classical conditioning.
Human Responses to Conditioning
- Questioned whether conditioning principles apply to humans; explored in the ethically controversial Little Albert experiment.
- Conducted by Watson and Rayner in 1920, demonstrated conditioned fear responses in a child (Little Albert) through exposure to a white rat paired with a loud noise.
- Initially, Little Albert showed no fear to the rat, but learned to associate it with fear due to the unconditioned stimulus (loud noise).
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Description
Explore effective strategies for managing depression, particularly the benefits of exercise. This quiz also delves into the foundational models of psychological therapy, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral approaches.