Understanding Depression & Therapy Models

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of exercise for someone experiencing depression?

It replaces the need for medication.

It promotes better sleep patterns.

It has been shown to decrease symptoms of depression. (correct)

It increases the levels of serotonin and dopamine.

Which model emphasizes the influence of biological or genetic factors on mental health?

Biological model. (correct)

Behavioural model.

Cognitive behavioural model.

Psychodynamic model.

Which therapy model was founded by Sigmund Freud?

Cognitive behavioural therapy.

Biological model.

Behavioural therapy.

Psychodynamic therapy. (correct)

What do behavioural therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy both focus on?

The actions and behaviors of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the biopsychosocial approach to mental illness?

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of conditioning central to behavioural therapy?

Classical and operant. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy emphasizes cognition in determining feelings and behavior?

Cognitive behavioural therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Among the various therapy models, which ones have the strongest evidence bases?

Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best definition of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments?

An automatic response to a previously neutral stimulus after association with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments?

The meat powder. Signup and view all the answers

What result did Watson and Rayner achieve with Little Albert?

Little Albert learned to associate fear with a previously neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the responses of Pavlov’s dogs to the metronome after conditioning?

Dogs showed a salivation response to both the metronome and the meat powder. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a misconception about classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning requires active teaching of the response. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the ethical concerns raised by Watson and Rayner's experiments with Little Albert?

The psychological impact of creating a fear response was not considered. Signup and view all the answers

How did Pavlov demonstrate conditioning with a neutral stimulus?

By consistently pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a unique aspect of Watson’s behaviourist views?

Emphasis on observable behaviour over internal states. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Advice for Depression

Exercise is strongly linked to reduced symptoms of depression, supported by research findings.

Models of Psychological Therapy

Four foundational therapy models: Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioural, and Cognitive Behavioural.

Biological Model

Suggests emotional distress arises from biological/genetic factors, such as neurotransmitter deficits (e.g., serotonin, dopamine).
Importance of a biopsychosocial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social influences on mental health.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Founded by Sigmund Freud, recognized as the father of clinical psychology.
Emphasizes the significance of therapist-client feelings, a concept still vital in mental health practice today.

Behavioural Therapy

Focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal processes.
Grounded in classical and operant conditioning principles.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Extends behavioural therapy by highlighting the impact of thoughts and cognitions on emotions and behaviors.
Both behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies have strong empirical support for effectiveness.

Behaviourism

Began in 1913 with John Watson's publication "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It."
Postulates that all human psychology can be explained through classical conditioning processes.

Pavlov's Experiment

Demonstrated classical conditioning through his work with dogs, linking unconditioned (natural) responses to conditioned stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus: meat powder; unconditioned response: salivation.
Dogs salivated not only to meat, but also to associated stimuli (e.g., sounds related to food delivery).

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov trained dogs to salivate in response to a neutral stimulus (clicking metronome) by pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder).
After repeated pairings, the metronome alone elicited the salivating response, demonstrating classical conditioning.

Human Responses to Conditioning

Questioned whether conditioning principles apply to humans; explored in the ethically controversial Little Albert experiment.
Conducted by Watson and Rayner in 1920, demonstrated conditioned fear responses in a child (Little Albert) through exposure to a white rat paired with a loud noise.
Initially, Little Albert showed no fear to the rat, but learned to associate it with fear due to the unconditioned stimulus (loud noise).

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Description

Explore effective strategies for managing depression, particularly the benefits of exercise. This quiz also delves into the foundational models of psychological therapy, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral approaches.