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Questions and Answers
Explain direct calorimetry.
Explain direct calorimetry.
Direct calorimetry is the measurement of how much heat is produced, using a calorimeter that has water running through its walls. As heat and energy production increases, the water temperature rises. This method is accurate for resting metabolic measurements but is expensive and slow, with variables that can skew results.
Explain indirect calorimetry.
Explain indirect calorimetry.
Indirect calorimetry estimates total body energy expenditure by measuring oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output. It is accurate for steady-state oxidative metabolism and can vary in speed and cost between older and newer methods.
What does the Haldane Transformation allow us to measure?
What does the Haldane Transformation allow us to measure?
The Haldane Transformation allows us to measure the volume of inspired air by using the volume of expired air, due to the consistency of nitrogen volumes.
Explain the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER). What do those numbers indicate?
Explain the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER). What do those numbers indicate?
At rest, what is the average RER and how many Kcals per liter of oxygen are burned?
At rest, what is the average RER and how many Kcals per liter of oxygen are burned?
Where does the nonmetabolic CO2 production come from during high levels of exertion?
Where does the nonmetabolic CO2 production come from during high levels of exertion?
What are the units for Absolute and Relative VO2max, and when is one preferred over the other?
What are the units for Absolute and Relative VO2max, and when is one preferred over the other?
Explain excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). How and why does this happen?
Explain excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). How and why does this happen?
Explain the lactate threshold and its significance in predicting performance.
Explain the lactate threshold and its significance in predicting performance.
What are the characteristics of a successful endurance athlete?
What are the characteristics of a successful endurance athlete?
Define fatigue in your own words.
Define fatigue in your own words.
Flashcards
Direct Calorimetry
Direct Calorimetry
A method that directly measures the heat produced by the body to determine energy expenditure.
Indirect Calorimetry
Indirect Calorimetry
Estimates energy expenditure indirectly by measuring oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output.
Haldane Transformation
Haldane Transformation
A transformation that helps estimate inspired air volume using expired air volume by assuming nitrogen volume stays constant.
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
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Kcals per Liter of Oxygen
Kcals per Liter of Oxygen
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CO2 Production at High Exertion
CO2 Production at High Exertion
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VO2max
VO2max
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Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
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Lactate Threshold
Lactate Threshold
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Fatigue
Fatigue
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Characteristics of Successful Endurance Athletes
Characteristics of Successful Endurance Athletes
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Study Notes
Direct Calorimetry
- Measures heat production to assess energy expenditure.
- Utilizes a calorimeter with water-cooled walls to detect temperature changes.
- Effective for resting metabolic rates but expensive and slow.
- Variables like exercise-induced heat can skew accuracy.
Indirect Calorimetry
- Estimates total energy expenditure through oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output.
- Accurate only during steady-state oxidative metabolism.
- Older methods are slow, while newer devices may be faster but costly.
Haldane Transformation
- Allows measurement of inspired air volume using expired air volume.
- Relies on the consistency of nitrogen volumes to calculate values.
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
- Represents the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed.
- An RER of approximately 0.70 indicates fat oxidation at rest.
- An RER of 1.0 indicates carbohydrate utilization during high-intensity activities.
Kcals per Liter of Oxygen
- At rest with an RER of ~0.71, around 4.69 Kcals are burned per liter of oxygen.
- Increasing intensity raises Kcals burned per liter, shifting reliance from fat to carbohydrates.
CO2 Production at High Exertion
- CO2 production may exceed exhaled CO2 due to nonmetabolic sources.
- This additional CO2 comes from bicarbonate reacting to lactate buildup and converting to carbonic acid.
VO2max Measurement
- Absolute VO2max is measured in L/min and does not account for body size.
- Relative VO2max is measured in ml/kg/min, taking body size into consideration.
- Relative VO2max is preferred in exercise science for comparative analysis.
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
- Occurs when oxygen demand exceeds intake post-exercise, leading to an oxygen deficit.
- EPOC replenishes ATP/PCr stores, clears lactate, and restores hemoglobin and myoglobin levels.
Lactate Threshold
- Defined as the point where blood lactate production exceeds lactate clearance.
- A higher lactate threshold indicates better endurance performance, allowing longer activity without lactate accumulation.
Characteristics of Successful Endurance Athletes
- High VO2max, indicating efficient oxygen utilization.
- Elevated lactate threshold for sustained performance.
- High economy of effort, demonstrating efficiency in energy expenditure.
- Greater proportion of type 1 muscle fibers, suited for endurance activities.
Definition of Fatigue
- Characterized by a decline in muscular performance and inability to maintain required intensity over time.
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