Key Concepts in Exercise Science
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Questions and Answers

Muscular, cardiopulmonary, and metabolic adaptations to exercise are known as the training effect.

True

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes is called:

homeostasis

BMR stands for:

basal metabolic rate

Anabolism and catabolism occur at the same time throughout the body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A calorie is a unit of heat.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preferred unit in metabolic studies and nutrition labels is the kilocalorie (kcal).

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary (not the 'initial') fuel during endurance exercise is:

<p>fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecule used for storing and transferring energy in the body is called:

<p>adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ATP/CP pathway is the primary pathway used for activities lasting two minutes or greater.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

About 98% of the human body is composed of only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory system is responsible for:

<p>supplying oxygen to the body, eliminating carbon dioxide in the body, helps regulate the body's pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system consists of:

<p>heart, arteries, and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system is made up of the:

<p>peripheral nervous system and central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excretion is one function of the digestive system.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones are classified as:

<p>steroids, amino acid derivatives, peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose(s) of hormones is/are to:

<p>alter the rate of synthesis of your cellular protein, change the rate of enzyme activity, change the rate of transport of nutrients through the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tendons connect bone to bone.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average human adult skeleton has:

<p>206 bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tendons:

<p>are extensions of muscle fibers and connect muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anatomical terms for front and back are:

<p>anterior and posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type I muscle fibers are predominantly aerobic.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiovascular/aerobic exercise results in:

<p>mitochondrial adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type II muscle fibers are entirely aerobic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscular hypertrophy is a(n):

<p>increase in muscle fiber size</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a concentric contraction, the muscle lengthens to produce movements.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kinesiology is:

<p>the science or study of human movement, and the active and passive structures involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

An isometric contraction is when:

<p>a muscle does not lengthen or shorten as it contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

True synergy occurs when a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of an antagonist muscle is:

<p>triceps during a biceps curl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adduction is a movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of flexion is the:

<p>concentric action of a bicep curl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flexion mainly occurs in which plane?

<p>sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Newton's second law of motion deals with force and its relationship to mass and acceleration.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biomechanics is the study of:

<p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscular force is broken down into the components of:

<p>magnitude, direction, point of application, line of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inertia can be categorized as:

<p>resting inertia and moving inertia</p> Signup and view all the answers

A first-class lever is similar to a seesaw.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to perceive your position and movement of the body or limbs in space is known as:

<p>kinesthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Exercise Science

  • Training Effect: Refers to muscular, cardiopulmonary, and metabolic adaptations to exercise.
  • Homeostasis: The body's automatic process to maintain a stable internal environment.
  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Measure of the number of calories required to keep your body functioning at rest.

Metabolism and Energy

  • Anabolism and Catabolism: Both processes occur simultaneously throughout the body.
  • Calorie: Defined as a unit of heat; often measured in kilocalories (kcal) for nutritional purposes.
  • Primary Fuel for Endurance: Fatty acids are the main energy source during endurance activities.
  • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Key molecule for energy storage and transfer in the body.

Physiological Pathways

  • ATP/CP Pathway: Primary pathway utilized for high-intensity activities lasting up to two minutes.
  • Element Composition: About 98% of the human body consists of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.

Body Systems Overview

  • Respiratory System Functions: Includes oxygen supply, carbon dioxide elimination, and pH regulation.
  • Circulatory System Components: Comprises the heart, arteries, and veins.
  • Nervous System Structure: Made up of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Hormonal Functions

  • Hormone Classification: Steroids, amino acid derivatives, and peptides are three types of hormones.
  • Hemoglobin Role: An important protein in red blood cells facilitating oxygen transport.
  • Hormonal Responsibilities: Affect synthesis rates of cellular proteins, enzyme activities, and nutrient transport.

Musculoskeletal System

  • Tendons: Connect muscle to bone; distinct from ligaments which connect bone to bone.
  • Adult Skeleton: Consists of 206 bones.
  • Type I Muscle Fibers: Predominantly aerobic and suited for endurance.
  • Type II Muscle Fibers: Not entirely aerobic; designed for explosive strength.

Muscle Contraction Types

  • Concentric Contraction: Muscle shortens during contraction.
  • Isometric Contraction: Muscle contracts without changing length.
  • True Synergy: When one muscle inhibits the action of another muscle.

Movement and Biomechanics

  • Flexion: Occurs in the sagittal plane (e.g., bending during a bicep curl).
  • Newton's Second Law: Relates to force, mass, and acceleration.
  • Biomechanics: Study of movement related to the forces acting on the body.
  • Inertia: Divided into resting and moving types.

Levers in Anatomy

  • First-Class Lever: Functions like a seesaw, with the fulcrum in the middle.
  • Second-Class Lever: Utilizes a load between the fulcrum and the effort.

Body Movements

  • Adduction vs. Abduction: Adduction moves a body part toward the midline, not away from it.
  • Kinesthesis: Awareness of body position and movement in space.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental principles of exercise science. This quiz covers essential topics such as metabolic processes, physiological pathways, and energy requirements for physical activity. Assess your understanding of concepts like BMR, ATP, and the body's adaptations to exercise.

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