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Questions and Answers
Muscular, cardiopulmonary, and metabolic adaptations to exercise are known as the training effect.
Muscular, cardiopulmonary, and metabolic adaptations to exercise are known as the training effect.
True (A)
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes is called:
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes is called:
homeostasis
BMR stands for:
BMR stands for:
basal metabolic rate
Anabolism and catabolism occur at the same time throughout the body.
Anabolism and catabolism occur at the same time throughout the body.
A calorie is a unit of heat.
A calorie is a unit of heat.
The preferred unit in metabolic studies and nutrition labels is the kilocalorie (kcal).
The preferred unit in metabolic studies and nutrition labels is the kilocalorie (kcal).
The primary (not the 'initial') fuel during endurance exercise is:
The primary (not the 'initial') fuel during endurance exercise is:
The molecule used for storing and transferring energy in the body is called:
The molecule used for storing and transferring energy in the body is called:
The ATP/CP pathway is the primary pathway used for activities lasting two minutes or greater.
The ATP/CP pathway is the primary pathway used for activities lasting two minutes or greater.
About 98% of the human body is composed of only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous.
About 98% of the human body is composed of only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous.
The respiratory system is responsible for:
The respiratory system is responsible for:
The circulatory system consists of:
The circulatory system consists of:
The nervous system is made up of the:
The nervous system is made up of the:
Excretion is one function of the digestive system.
Excretion is one function of the digestive system.
Hormones are classified as:
Hormones are classified as:
Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells.
The main purpose(s) of hormones is/are to:
The main purpose(s) of hormones is/are to:
Tendons connect bone to bone.
Tendons connect bone to bone.
The average human adult skeleton has:
The average human adult skeleton has:
Tendons:
Tendons:
The anatomical terms for front and back are:
The anatomical terms for front and back are:
Type I muscle fibers are predominantly aerobic.
Type I muscle fibers are predominantly aerobic.
Cardiovascular/aerobic exercise results in:
Cardiovascular/aerobic exercise results in:
Type II muscle fibers are entirely aerobic.
Type II muscle fibers are entirely aerobic.
Muscular hypertrophy is a(n):
Muscular hypertrophy is a(n):
In a concentric contraction, the muscle lengthens to produce movements.
In a concentric contraction, the muscle lengthens to produce movements.
Kinesiology is:
Kinesiology is:
An isometric contraction is when:
An isometric contraction is when:
True synergy occurs when a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.
True synergy occurs when a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.
An example of an antagonist muscle is:
An example of an antagonist muscle is:
Adduction is a movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
Adduction is a movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
An example of flexion is the:
An example of flexion is the:
Flexion mainly occurs in which plane?
Flexion mainly occurs in which plane?
Newton's second law of motion deals with force and its relationship to mass and acceleration.
Newton's second law of motion deals with force and its relationship to mass and acceleration.
Biomechanics is the study of:
Biomechanics is the study of:
Muscular force is broken down into the components of:
Muscular force is broken down into the components of:
Inertia can be categorized as:
Inertia can be categorized as:
A first-class lever is similar to a seesaw.
A first-class lever is similar to a seesaw.
The ability to perceive your position and movement of the body or limbs in space is known as:
The ability to perceive your position and movement of the body or limbs in space is known as:
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Exercise Science
- Training Effect: Refers to muscular, cardiopulmonary, and metabolic adaptations to exercise.
- Homeostasis: The body's automatic process to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Measure of the number of calories required to keep your body functioning at rest.
Metabolism and Energy
- Anabolism and Catabolism: Both processes occur simultaneously throughout the body.
- Calorie: Defined as a unit of heat; often measured in kilocalories (kcal) for nutritional purposes.
- Primary Fuel for Endurance: Fatty acids are the main energy source during endurance activities.
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Key molecule for energy storage and transfer in the body.
Physiological Pathways
- ATP/CP Pathway: Primary pathway utilized for high-intensity activities lasting up to two minutes.
- Element Composition: About 98% of the human body consists of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
Body Systems Overview
- Respiratory System Functions: Includes oxygen supply, carbon dioxide elimination, and pH regulation.
- Circulatory System Components: Comprises the heart, arteries, and veins.
- Nervous System Structure: Made up of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Hormonal Functions
- Hormone Classification: Steroids, amino acid derivatives, and peptides are three types of hormones.
- Hemoglobin Role: An important protein in red blood cells facilitating oxygen transport.
- Hormonal Responsibilities: Affect synthesis rates of cellular proteins, enzyme activities, and nutrient transport.
Musculoskeletal System
- Tendons: Connect muscle to bone; distinct from ligaments which connect bone to bone.
- Adult Skeleton: Consists of 206 bones.
- Type I Muscle Fibers: Predominantly aerobic and suited for endurance.
- Type II Muscle Fibers: Not entirely aerobic; designed for explosive strength.
Muscle Contraction Types
- Concentric Contraction: Muscle shortens during contraction.
- Isometric Contraction: Muscle contracts without changing length.
- True Synergy: When one muscle inhibits the action of another muscle.
Movement and Biomechanics
- Flexion: Occurs in the sagittal plane (e.g., bending during a bicep curl).
- Newton's Second Law: Relates to force, mass, and acceleration.
- Biomechanics: Study of movement related to the forces acting on the body.
- Inertia: Divided into resting and moving types.
Levers in Anatomy
- First-Class Lever: Functions like a seesaw, with the fulcrum in the middle.
- Second-Class Lever: Utilizes a load between the fulcrum and the effort.
Body Movements
- Adduction vs. Abduction: Adduction moves a body part toward the midline, not away from it.
- Kinesthesis: Awareness of body position and movement in space.
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