Tubulointerstitial Diseases in Calves and Foals
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Questions and Answers

Match the following viruses with their primary characteristics:

Ovine herpesvirus-2 = Endemic in sheep, infects cattle and other species Canine herpesvirus = Highly fatal disease in neonatal puppies Feline Infectious Peritonitis = Mutation of Feline Enteric Coronavirus Equine Infectious Anemia = Lentivirus associated with horses

Match the following infectious processes with their transmission method:

Feline Infectious Peritonitis = Fecal-oral transmission Ovine herpesvirus-2 = Occurs worldwide in sheep Canine herpesvirus = Infected in utero or at birth Leptospirosis = Direct contact with contaminated water

Match the following symptoms with the corresponding disease:

Diffuse petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages = Canine herpesvirus Secondary macrophage associated viremia = Feline Infectious Peritonitis Vascular necrosis = Canine herpesvirus Replication in enterocytes = Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Match the following diseases with their respective viral family:

<p>Ovine herpesvirus-2 = Alphaherpesvirinae Feline Infectious Peritonitis = Coronaviridae Canine herpesvirus = Alphaherpesvirinae Equine Viral Arteritis = Arterivirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following animal species with their related diseases:

<p>Sheep = Sheep-pox Horses = Equine Infectious Anemia Pigs = Leptospirosis Cattle = Ovine herpesvirus-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their descriptions:

<p>Malignant catarrhal fever = Sporadic, fatal multisystemic disease characterized by lymphoproliferation Theileria parva = Causes east coast fever in cattle Lumpy skin disease = Viral disease affecting cattle with nodular lesions Leptospirosis = Zoonotic disease caused by various serovars of Leptospira interrogans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following key findings with the associated disease:

<p>Icterus, anemia = Leptospirosis Lymphoproliferation &amp; Ulcerative mucosal lesions = Malignant catarrhal fever Swollen, hemorrhagic kidneys = Leptospirosis Nodular lesions on the skin = Lumpy skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pathogens with their corresponding diseases:

<p>Leptospira interrogans = Leptospirosis Gammaherpesvirus = Malignant catarrhal fever Theileria parva = East coast fever Capripoxvirus = Lumpy skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the correct phase of Leptospirosis:

<p>Acute - Petechial hemorrhages = Acute phase Chronic - Shrunken kidneys = Chronic phase Acute - Port-wine colored urine = Acute phase Chronic - Mummified fetuses = Abortive phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the corresponding pathogen:

<p>Spiral, filamentous bacteria = Leptospira interrogans Weakly gram-negative spirochetes = Leptospira interrogans Sporadic multisystemic disease = Malignant catarrhal fever Viral disease with high mortality = Lumpy skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their potential outcomes:

<p>Leptospirosis = Mummified fetuses in swine Malignant catarrhal fever = Mortality approaches 100% Theileria parva = Severe disease in infected cattle Lumpy skin disease = Lethargy and reduced milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following host characteristics with their associated diseases:

<p>Maintenance hosts for serovars = Leptospirosis Incidental hosts with severe disease = Leptospirosis Primarily affects cattle and ruminants = Malignant catarrhal fever Primarily affects ruminants = Lumpy skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental conditions with the related pathogen:

<p>Survives in warm, moist soil = Leptospira interrogans Transmitted through contact with infected animals = Malignant catarrhal fever Vector-borne transmission = Theileria parva Airborne spread = Lumpy skin disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their associated pathogens:

<p>Leptospirosis = Leptospira spp. Infectious Canine Hepatitis = Canine Adenovirus 1 Feline infectious peritonitis = Feline Coronavirus Borrelia burgdorferi = Lyme disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pathogens with their primary hosts:

<p>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis = Sheep and goats Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae = Pigs Klebsiella pneumoniae = Dogs Actinobacillus equuli = Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of pyelonephritis with their characteristics:

<p>Acute pyelonephritis = Most common in sows Chronic pyelonephritis = Often seen in cattle and dogs Bilateral pyelonephritis = Inflammation of both kidneys Ascending pyelonephritis = Infection usually starts from the lower urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following renal conditions with their primary features:

<p>Acute tubular necrosis = Severe in proximal tubules Calcium oxalate crystals = Needle-shaped or 'picket fence' shaped Acidosis = Severe metabolic acidosis with nervous signs Urolithiasis = Presence of calculi in the urinary passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following predisposing factors with their effects on urinary tract infections:

<p>Short urethras = Increase risk of infection Urethral trauma = Facilitates pathogen entry Hormonal effects = Modulates urinary tract health Proximal rectal urethra distance = Influences infection risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their roles or effects in renal pathology:

<p>Glycoaldehyde = Acts directly on tubular epithelium Calcium oxalate = Precipitates upon decreasing pH Antifreeze = Sweet taste that affects kidneys Acid = Causes severe metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following renal tumors with their characteristics:

<p>Renal carcinoma = Common in cats and cows Renal adenoma = Primary or secondary renal tumor Nephroblastoma = Kidney tumor found in young animals Lymphosarcoma = Commonly affects the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of urinary tract obstruction:

<p>Urolithiasis = Formation of urinary stones Tumors = Abnormal growths causing obstruction Prostatomegaly = Enlarged prostate affecting urethra Catheterization = Invasive procedure that can lead to blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical findings with their descriptions:

<p>Azotemia = Acute renal failure Proteinuria = Presence of protein in urine Hypocalcemia = Low calcium levels in blood Glucosuria = Presence of glucose in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacteria with their association in renal conditions:

<p>E. coli = Commonly linked to pyelonephritis Proteus = Associated with urinary infections Staphylococcus = Causes renal infections Streptococcus = Linked to various infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following viral infections with their animal species:

<p>Equine polyomavirus = Horses Canine herpesvirus = Dogs Sheep adenovirus = Sheep Feline Herpesvirus = Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components related to urolithiasis with their attributes:

<p>Nucleation = Formation of a 'nidus' for calculi Urethral plugs = Matrix predominates in aggregates Obstructive effects = Causes local pressure necrosis Hydronephrosis = Sequelae of urethral or bladder rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Embolic suppurative nephritis = Caused by bacterial emboli Inflammation of renal pelvis = Pyelonephritis Recovery phase infection = Infectious Canine Hepatitis Ascending infection risk = Associated with urinary tract issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopic kidney findings with their visual cues:

<p>Acute cellular swelling = Initial phase of tubular lesions Cow and cat lymphosarcoma = Common malignant kidney lesions Calcium oxalate crystals = Light yellow, anisotropic, birefringent Mottled kidneys = Swollen and pale kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of compounds on kidneys:

<p>Calcium oxalate = Sequesters calcium Antifreeze exposure = Increased susceptibility in cats Acidosis = Induces nervous signs Glucose presence = Indicates glucosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following renal conditions with the species they most commonly affect:

<p>Acute tubular necrosis = More commonly affects dogs Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystalluria = Notable in dogs and cats Nephroblastoma = Typically in young animals Urolithiasis = Commonly with males due to urethra length</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following histologic features with their corresponding diseases:

<p>Interstitial inflammation = Interstitial Nephritis Tubular dilation and atrophy = Pyelonephritis Multifocal area of necrosis = Septicemia of foals Abscess obscuring normal architecture = Interstitial Nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the causes of interstitial nephritis with their descriptions:

<p>Infections = Responsible for acute inflammatory response Therapeutic drugs = Can induce nephrotoxicity Chemicals = Promote damage to tubular cells Immunologic disorders = Lead to interstitial inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms with their related conditions:

<p>Septicemia of foals = Sleepy foal disease Navel-ill = Postnatal infection Joint-ill = Septic arthritis in newborns Bacteremia = Spread of bacteria into bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the findings in histopathology to their specific conditions:

<p>Inflammatory aggregates = Interstitial Nephritis Pinpoint cortical foci = White-spotted kidneys of calves Microabscesses = Secondary to bacteremia/septicemia Limited to cortex = Multifocal interstitial nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bacterial characteristics with the relevant diseases:

<p>Actinobacillus equuli = Normal inhabitant of adult horse Coccobacilli colony = Associated with septicemia of foals Septic emboli = Lodges in small capillaries Bacterial transmission via umbilicus = In utero infection risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of interstitial nephritis with their progressive stages:

<p>Begins suppurative = Microabscess formation Progresses to non-suppurative = Fibrosis over time Multifocal, often coalescing = Limit to the cortex Inflammatory infiltrate = Expands the interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the specific conditions with their clinical implications:

<p>Interstitial nephritis = Often secondary to infections Renal tubule damage = Caused by toxins and chemicals Bacterial infections = Lead to interstitial inflammatory response Acute nephritis = A major contributor to kidney injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of nephritis with their key features:

<p>Interstitial (embolic) nephritis = Related to septicemia Incidental finding in young calves = Diagnostic observation Secondary to coliforms = Associated with bacterial infections Non-suppurative over time = Fibrotic change in interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the termwith its direct health implications:

<p>Septicemia = Acute and fatal in foals Transmission via parturition = Risk factor for utero infections Bacteraemia = Results in embolic phenomena Septic emboli = Incite inflammatory responses in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conditions with their histological progression:

<p>Acute inflammatory response = Interstital inflammation Fibrosis development = Chronic changes over time Replacement of normal architecture = Bacterial infiltration effects Histopathological findings = Indicate renal damage severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tubulointerstitial Diseases

  • Interstitial Nephritis is characterized by interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, tubular dilation and atrophy.
  • Causes of interstitial nephritis: infections, toxins, immunologic disorders, chemicals, therapeutic drugs.

Actinobacillus equuli

  • Causes: Sleepy foal disease; septicemia of foals; navel-ill; joint-ill.
  • Pathology: Acute, highly fatal septicemia of newborn foals.
  • Transmission: In utero or at partuition via the umbilicus.
  • Bacteremia: Showers of septic emboli lodge in small capillaries (glomerular tufts).
  • Gross findings: Multiple cortical foci, pinpoint and uniformly distributed.
  • Histologic findings: Inflammatory aggregates in the cortex and medulla replace normal architecture.

White-Spotted Kidneys of Calves

  • Pathology: Interstitial (embolic) nephritis.
  • Incidence: Incidental finding in young calves.
  • Cause: Secondary to bacteremia/septicemia – typically coliforms.
  • Histologic findings: Multifocal, often coalescing, limited to cortex, neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.

Differential Diagnosis for Multifocal Interstitial Nephritis in Cattle

  • Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Theileria parva (east coast fever)
  • Lumpy skin disease
  • Leptospirosis
  • Hairy Vetch

Leptospirosis

  • Etiology: Various serovars of Leptospira interrogans.
  • Distribution: Worldwide.
  • Survival: Warm, moist, neutral to alkaline soil, or stagnant water.
  • Transmission: Zoonotic.
  • Morphology: Slender, motile, flexible, weakly gram-negative spirochetes with hooked ends.
  • Host Adaptation: Each serovar is adapted to one or more “maintenance hosts,” mild or subclinical (kidney or genital tract).
  • Disease Severity: Disease in infected “incidental hosts” is generally more severe.
  • Gross Findings (Acute): Icterus, anemia, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, swollen, hemorrhagic kidneys, port-wine or bile-colored urine in ruminants and horses
  • Gross Findings (Chronic): Kidneys shrunken and firm, with linear to radiating gray foci +/- uremia.
  • Histologic findings: Multifocal cellular infiltrate surrounding, separating and tubules, spiral, filamentous bacteria within tubular epithelial cells stain black.

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

  • Etiology: Gammaherpesvirus.
  • Distribution: Sporadic, fatal, multisystemic disease of cattle, small ruminants and wild ruminants.
  • Pathology: Characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis, and erosive to ulcerative mucosal.
  • Mortality: Approaches 100%.
  • Gross findings: Diffuse petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages (kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, lungs, and GIT).
  • Histologic findings: Inflammatory cells are admixed fibrin and vasculitis.

Canine Herpesvirus

  • Etiology: Alphaherpesvirinae.
  • Pathology: Highly fatal, systemic disease of neonatal puppies (less than 4-6 weeks).
  • Gross findings: Foci of necrosis (including vascular necrosis) and hemorrhage in numerous organs.
  • Transmission: Virus is extremely temperature sensitive (37degrees C ), pups are infected in utero or at birth.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

  • Etiology: Mutated Feline Enteric Coronavirus.
  • Transmission: Fecal-oral transmission and possibly inhalation of FCoV.
  • Pathology: Replication in enterocytes and lymphoid system leads to mutation (FIPV) and viral replication in macrophages. This leads to secondary macrophage associated viremia and macrophage activation.
  • Dissemination: Systemic infection with multiple organs and vessels affected.

Differential Diagnosis for Interstitial Nephritis

  • Sheep:*
  • Sheep-pox (Capripoxvirus)
  • Small Ruminant Lentivirus (Maedi-Visna virus)
  • Horses:*
  • Equine Infectious Anemia (Lentivirus)
  • Equine Viral Arteritis (Arterivirus)
  • Pigs:*
  • Leptospirosis (L.interrogans serovar pomona)
  • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (Arterivirus)
  • Dogs:*
  • Leptospirosis
  • Infectious Canine Hepatitis, recovery phase (Canine Adenovirus 1)
  • Encephalitozoon cuniculi
  • Canine herpesvirus
  • Leishmania spp
  • Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Hepatozoon canis
  • Cats:*
  • Feline infectious peritonitis

Embolic Suppurative Nephritis

  • Cats:* Pasteurella multocida
  • Dogs:* Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Horses:*
  • Actinobacillus equuli
  • Equine polyomavirus
  • Sheep and goats:*
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
  • Sheep adenovirus
  • Cattle:* Truperella pyogenes

Pyelonephritis

  • Definition: Inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma.
  • Cause: Infection usually ascending from the lower urinary tract.
  • Association: Often accompanied by ureteritis and cystitis.
  • Distribution: Often bilateral.
  • Incidence: Acute disease is most commonly seen in sows, chronic form is most commonly seen in cattle and dogs.
  • Etiology: Common bacteria: E.coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
  • Etiology: (Cattle): Corynebacterium renale.
  • Predisposing Factors for Pyelonephritis: Short urethras, urethral trauma, possible hormonal effects, proximal rectal urethra distance.
  • Factors Increasing Risk of Pyelonephritis: Urinary tract obstruction and Urine stasis (urolithiasis, tumors), prostatomegaly, catheterization.

Antifreeze (Ethylene Glycol) Toxicity

  • Species: Cats are more susceptible, dogs are more commonly affected.
  • Cause: Antifreeze has a sweet taste.
  • Pathology:
    • Glycoaldehyde and glyoxylate acting directly on the tubular epithelium.
    • Calcium oxalate precipitates upon decreasing pH within renal tubules, sequesters calcium.
    • Acid causing severe metabolic acidosis.
  • Clinical Findings: Acidosis, acute renal failure (azotemia), calcium oxalate monohydrate crystalluria, proteinuria, glucosuria, hypocalcemia.
  • Gross Findings: Kidney is swollen and pale or mottled, pale yellow crystals may be visible grossly.
  • Histologic Findings: Tubular lesions; acute cellular swelling to necrosis to regeneration, large numbers of calcium oxalate crystals (light yellow, anisotropic).

Neoplastic Lesions in Kidneys

  • Renal Carcinoma
  • Renal Adenoma
  • Nephroblastoma
  • Lymphosarcoma (Common in cat and cow, primary or secondary renal tumor)

Lower Urinary Tract

Urolithiasis

  • Definition: Presence of calculi in the urinary passages.
  • Composition: Aggregates of urinary solutes and proteinaceous debris.
  • Matrix Predominance: Referred to as urethral plugs.
  • Location: Any part of the urinary system.
  • Impaction: More common in males (longer, narrower urethra).
  • Obstruction: Causes local pressure necrosis with ulceration and acute hemorrhagic urethritis, sequelae of urethral or bladder rupture, or hydronephrosis.

Phases of Urolithiasis Development

  • Nucleation (Nidus): Requires:
    • Supersaturation of urine with solutes.
    • Presence of a nidus (foreign body, cellular debris).
    • Appropriate pH.
  • Growth: Depends on:
    • Concentration of solutes in urine.
    • Rate of urine flow.
    • Presence of inhibitors or promoters of crystal growth.

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Description

This quiz covers tubulointerstitial diseases, focusing on interstitial nephritis, Actinobacillus equuli infections in foals, and white-spotted kidneys in calves. Learn about the pathology, causes, and histological findings associated with these conditions. A must for veterinary students and professionals interested in equine and bovine health.

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