Tubulointerstitial Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of virus causes a highly fatal systemic disease in neonate puppies?

  • Feline Enteric Coronavirus
  • Ovine herpesvirus-2
  • Canine herpesvirus (correct)
  • Equine Infectious Anemia

    • Which of the following describes the mechanism of infection for Feline Infectious Peritonitis?

  • Oral transmission through contaminated water
  • Fecal-oral transmission with potential inhalation (correct)
  • Direct transmission through blood
  • Contact with infected skin lesions

    • What is a common characteristic of the diseases caused by Ovine herpesvirus-2?

  • It is primarily transmitted through water sources.
  • It causes distinct vascular necrosis in various organs.
  • It is endemic in ruminants and can infect multiple species. (correct)
  • It leads to respiratory failures resulting in death.

    • Which of the following is true regarding the temperature sensitivity of Canine herpesvirus?

    <p>It is extremely temperature sensitive below 37 degrees Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection in sheep can cause membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis as a complication?

    <p>Small Ruminant Lentivirus (Maedi-Visna virus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious agent is commonly associated with pyelonephritis in cattle?

    <p>Corynebacterium renale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most frequently seen in sows regarding pyelonephritis?

    <p>Acute disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors predisposes females to urinary tract infections?

    <p>Urethral trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ascending infection leading to pyelonephritis?

    <p>Ascending from the lower urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial agent is associated with causing chronic pyelonephritis in dogs?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the condition of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with urinary tract obstruction leading to pyelonephritis?

    <p>Catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is NOT typically associated with renal infections in dogs and cats?

    <p>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in acute tubular injury due to ischemia?

    <p>Swollen, red-brown cortex with brown-red streaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principal cause of acute tubular injury?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephrosis is associated with a characteristic gun metal blue appearance?

    <p>Hemoglobinuric nephrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may arise from chronic cystitis?

    <p>Chronic active pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common gross finding in kidneys affected by myoglobinuric nephrosis?

    <p>Swollen, reddish-brown cortex with streaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT typically associated with hemoglobinuric nephrosis?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change is seen in the renal cortex during acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Congestion and hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one histological description of the epithelial cells in kidneys affected by ethylene glycol toxicity?

    <p>Swollen with vacuolated cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying metabolic effect is exacerbated by the presence of calcium oxalate in renal tubules?

    <p>Severe metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crystalluria is commonly associated with acute renal failure due to substances like antifreeze?

    <p>Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical changes are typically observed in the kidneys affected by acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Swollen and pale or mottled appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant renal complication may arise from urethral obstruction, particularly in males?

    <p>Local pressure necrosis with ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is most likely to present with crystals arranged in rosettes or prisms when viewed under polarized light?

    <p>Proximal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often characterized by the presence of aggregates of urinary solutes and proteinaceous debris?

    <p>Urolithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with acute renal failure in the renal pathology described?

    <p>Severe hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical crystalline appearance of calcium oxalate under microscopic examination in renal pathology?

    <p>Picket fence shaped and anisotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histologic feature is associated with interstitial nephritis?

    <p>Interstitial fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of interstitial nephritis?

    <p>Genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary histologic change observed with pyelonephritis?

    <p>Abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is commonly associated with septicemia in foals?

    <p>Actinobacillus equuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is classically associated with 'sleepy foal disease'?

    <p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'white-spotted kidneys' in calves?

    <p>Secondary to bacteremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical progression of interstitial nephritis in calves?

    <p>From suppurative to non-suppurative with fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the inflammatory infiltrate of interstitial nephritis?

    <p>Neutrophils and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of bacteremia leading to interstitial nephritis?

    <p>Septic emboli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nephritis usually presents as an incidental finding in young calves?

    <p>Interstitial (embolic) nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tubulointerstitial Diseases

    • Interstitial nephritis is characterized by interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, tubular dilation, and atrophy
    • Causes of interstitial nephritis: infections, toxins, immunologic disorders, chemicals, therapeutic drugs
    • Actinobacillus equuli causes a highly fatal septicemia in newborn foals, known as "sleepy foal disease"
    • Transmission of Actinobacillus equuli can occur in utero or at partuition, via the umbilicus
    • Actinobacillus equuli causes multifocal areas of necrosis and septic emboli in kidneys, leading to interstitial nephritis
    • White-spotted kidneys of calves are caused by interstitial nephritis, mainly due to coliforms bacteria
    • Ovine herpesvirus-2 can cause multifocal interstitial nephritis in cattle, bison, water buffalo, and deer
    • Canine herpesvirus causes a fatal systemic disease in neonatal puppies, characterized by foci of necrosis and hemorrhage in multiple organs
    • Feline infectious peritonitis is caused by a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, leading to macrophage activation and systemic infection
    • Embolic suppurative nephritis can be caused by various bacteria in different species:
      • Cats: Pasteurella multocida
      • Dogs: Klebsiella pneumoniae
      • Horses: Actinobacillus equuli, Equine polyomavirus
      • Pigs: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
      • Sheep and goats: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Sheep adenovirus
      • Cattle: Truperella pyogenes

    Pyelonephritis

    • Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma, usually caused by ascending infection from the lower urinary tract
    • Predisposing factors for pyelonephritis: short urethras, urethral trauma, hormonal effects, proximity of the rectal urethra, urinary tract obstruction, urine stasis, prostatomegaly, catheterization
    • Common causes of pyelonephritis: E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
    • Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by congestion, hemorrhages, and abscesses in the renal cortex
    • Chronic pyelonephritis results in a firm, pale, and shrunken kidney with irregular surface and scars extending from the capsule to the pelvis

    Diseases of Tubules

    • Acute tubular injury (ATI) is characterized by tubular necrosis
    • Causes of ATI: ischemia and nephrotoxins
    • Ischemic ATI is often caused by dehydration, hypovolemia, hypotension, and massive hemolysis
    • Hemoglobinuric nephrosis can be triggered by chronic copper toxicoses, Babesia, Clostridium haemolyticum, Leptospirosis
    • Myoglobinuric nephrosis is caused by myopathy or trauma
    • Red maple toxicity in horses can cause rhabdomyolysis and subsequent myoglobinuric nephrosis
    • Ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning causes tubular necrosis, calcium oxalate crystals, and metabolic acidosis
    • Signs of EG poisoning: acidosis, acute renal failure, calcium oxalate crystalluria, hypocalcemia
    • Gross findings of EG poisoning: swollen and pale kidneys with visible pale yellow crystals
    • Microscopic findings of EG poisoning: tubular lesions, calcium oxalate crystals

    Renal Neoplastic Lesions

    • Common renal neoplasms: renal carcinoma, renal adenoma, nephroblastoma, lymphosarcoma

    Lower Urinary Tract

    • Urolithiasis refers to the presence of calculi in the urinary passages, composed of urinary solutes and proteinaceous debris
    • Urethral plugs are primarily composed of matrix
    • Urolithiasis can occur in any part of the urinary system, but more common in males due to longer, narrower urethra
    • Obstruction due to urolithiasis can cause local pressure necrosis, ulceration, and acute hemorrhagic urethritis
    • Urolithiasis can lead to: urethral or bladder rupture, hydronephrosis
    • Two phases of urolithiasis: nucleation and growth

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    Description

    This quiz covers various aspects of tubulointerstitial diseases, including interstitial nephritis, its causes, and associated pathogens such as Actinobacillus equuli and ovine herpesvirus-2. Learn about the mechanisms and effects of these diseases on different animal species, primarily focusing on kidney-related conditions. Join to test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of these significant veterinary topics.

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