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Questions and Answers
The thyroid gland is composed of four lobes.
The thyroid gland is composed of four lobes.
False
The principal cells in the thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones.
The principal cells in the thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones.
False
Graves' disease is a rare autoimmune disease that affects men.
Graves' disease is a rare autoimmune disease that affects men.
False
Thyroiditis is an acute inflammation of the thyroid gland.
Thyroiditis is an acute inflammation of the thyroid gland.
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Endemic goiter is caused by excessive iodine intake.
Endemic goiter is caused by excessive iodine intake.
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The parathyroid glands are located within the adrenal glands.
The parathyroid glands are located within the adrenal glands.
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The adrenal cortex makes up 15% of the cortical volume.
The adrenal cortex makes up 15% of the cortical volume.
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The adrenal medulla produces hormones that regulate water and electrolyte balance.
The adrenal medulla produces hormones that regulate water and electrolyte balance.
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Addison's disease is caused by an overactive adrenal gland.
Addison's disease is caused by an overactive adrenal gland.
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APUD cells are found only in the thyroid gland.
APUD cells are found only in the thyroid gland.
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The endocrine system excludes the pituitary gland.
The endocrine system excludes the pituitary gland.
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Hormones are proteins and glycoproteins only.
Hormones are proteins and glycoproteins only.
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Autocrine communication involves a cell stimulating its neighbor.
Autocrine communication involves a cell stimulating its neighbor.
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The pituitary gland is approximately 5 cm in diameter.
The pituitary gland is approximately 5 cm in diameter.
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The adenohypophysis cerebri has only two components.
The adenohypophysis cerebri has only two components.
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Somatotrophs produce oxytocin.
Somatotrophs produce oxytocin.
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Undersecretion of growth hormone in childhood leads to acromegaly.
Undersecretion of growth hormone in childhood leads to acromegaly.
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The pars intermedia is a remnant of Rathe's pouch and mainly consists of active secretory cells.
The pars intermedia is a remnant of Rathe's pouch and mainly consists of active secretory cells.
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The hypothalamus is a large area in the brain.
The hypothalamus is a large area in the brain.
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The infundibulum is a part of the hypothalamus.
The infundibulum is a part of the hypothalamus.
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The hypothalamus is located in the brain, between the pituitary gland and the cerebellum.
The hypothalamus is located in the brain, between the pituitary gland and the cerebellum.
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The hypothalamus plays no role in regulating body temperature.
The hypothalamus plays no role in regulating body temperature.
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The supraoptic nucleus is a part of the hypothalamus.
The supraoptic nucleus is a part of the hypothalamus.
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The pars nervosa contains secretory or neuronal cells.
The pars nervosa contains secretory or neuronal cells.
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Herring bodies are found in the pars nervosa.
Herring bodies are found in the pars nervosa.
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The pineal gland weighs approximately 1 kg.
The pineal gland weighs approximately 1 kg.
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Pinealocytes are glial-like cells.
Pinealocytes are glial-like cells.
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The thyroid gland is located in the brain.
The thyroid gland is located in the brain.
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The hypothalamus is not involved in the regulation of emotions.
The hypothalamus is not involved in the regulation of emotions.
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The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland
- Built with two lobes connected by a necking
- Composed of follicles, colloid, blood vessels, and parafollicular cells (C cells)
- Function: Synthesis of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)
- T3: triiodothyronine
- T4: thyroxine
Thyroid Hormones
- Produced by principal cells (clear cells)
- Regulated by parafollicular cells (C cells)
Thyroid Disorders
- Graves' disease: autoimmune disease, 80-90% of all hyperthyroidism, mostly affects women
- Thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid, mostly chronic-autoimmune, presents as goiter
- Endemic goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency in the diet
Parathyroid Gland
- Composed of oxyphil cells and principal (chief) cells
- Function: regulates water and electrolyte balance
Adrenal Gland
- Weight: approximately 18g (adrenal cortex) and 4g (adrenal medulla)
- Composed of adrenal cortex (95% of the gland) and adrenal medulla (5%)
- Adrenal cortex: divided into three zones - zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
- Function: regulates water and electrolyte balance
Endocrine System
- Includes endocrine glands and their hormones
- Function: secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions
- Hormones: chemical messengers that target specific groups of cells to stimulate or inhibit activity
Endocrine Glands
- Locations: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, and others
- Hormones: proteins, glycoproteins, small peptides, amino-acid derivatives, and steroids
Communication Pathways
- Autocrine: cell produces hormone that stimulates or inhibits itself
- Paracrine: cell produces hormone that stimulates or inhibits its neighbor
- Juxtacrine: cells sit side by side, one has hormone on its surface, the other has the receptor
Pituitary Gland
- Weight: approximately 0.5-1g
- Diameter: approximately 1 cm
- Components: adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
Pituitary Gland Cells
- Chromophils: acidophils and basophils
- Chromophobes: non-staining cells
- Adenohypophysis: produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions
- Neurohypophysis: stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus
Pituitary Hormones
- Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and development
- Oversecretion: gigantism in childhood and acromegaly in adulthood
- Undersecretion: dwarfism in childhood
Hypothalamus
- Weight: approximately 0.7g
- Diameter: approximately 1 cm
- Location: center of the brain, between the pituitary gland and thalamus
- Function: regulates hormone production, body temperature, thirst, appetite, emotions, sleep cycles, sex drive, and other bodily functions
- Acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems
Pineal Gland
- Weight: approximately 0.2g
- Length: 5-8 mm
- Width: 3-5 mm
- Composed of pinealocytes, interstitial glial cells, and corpus arenaceum (brain sand)
- Function: regulates sleep-wake cycles and reproductive hormones
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of the thyroid gland, including its lobes, neck, and cells, as well as its role in synthesizing thyroid hormones. It also touches on related diseases such as Graves' disease.
