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What is the fundamental principle behind the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the fundamental principle behind the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the mathematical expression of the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the mathematical expression of the first law of thermodynamics?
Which of the following thermodynamic processes involves a constant volume?
Which of the following thermodynamic processes involves a constant volume?
What is the characteristic of an adiabatic process?
What is the characteristic of an adiabatic process?
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What is the parameter that is kept constant in an isobaric process?
What is the parameter that is kept constant in an isobaric process?
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What is the primary way a thermodynamic system interacts with its surroundings?
What is the primary way a thermodynamic system interacts with its surroundings?
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What is the primary characteristic of an isobaric process?
What is the primary characteristic of an isobaric process?
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What is the effect of heat transfer to a system in an isobaric process?
What is the effect of heat transfer to a system in an isobaric process?
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What is the mathematical representation of the work done in an isobaric process?
What is the mathematical representation of the work done in an isobaric process?
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What is the sign of the work done in an isobaric process when the system expands?
What is the sign of the work done in an isobaric process when the system expands?
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What is an application of isobaric processes in everyday life?
What is an application of isobaric processes in everyday life?
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What happens to the temperature of the refrigerant gases during compression in refrigeration and air conditioning systems?
What happens to the temperature of the refrigerant gases during compression in refrigeration and air conditioning systems?
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What is the characteristic of an isobaric process?
What is the characteristic of an isobaric process?
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A gas undergoes an isobaric process from 5 L to 10 L at a constant pressure of 2 atm. What is the work done by the gas?
A gas undergoes an isobaric process from 5 L to 10 L at a constant pressure of 2 atm. What is the work done by the gas?
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What is the unit of work done in the problem solving example?
What is the unit of work done in the problem solving example?
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A gas is compressed to half its initial volume of 200 L at a constant pressure of 0.5 atm. What is the sign of the work done?
A gas is compressed to half its initial volume of 200 L at a constant pressure of 0.5 atm. What is the sign of the work done?
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What does the term 'isochoric' mean?
What does the term 'isochoric' mean?
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What is the condition for the boiling of water in an open vessel?
What is the condition for the boiling of water in an open vessel?
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What is the primary characteristic of an isochoric process?
What is the primary characteristic of an isochoric process?
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What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of an ideal gas in an isochoric process?
What is the relationship between the pressure and temperature of an ideal gas in an isochoric process?
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What is the mathematical equation that represents the isochoric process?
What is the mathematical equation that represents the isochoric process?
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What is the shape of the P-V diagram for an isochoric process?
What is the shape of the P-V diagram for an isochoric process?
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What is the change in internal energy of the system in an isochoric process?
What is the change in internal energy of the system in an isochoric process?
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What is the ideal gas law equation?
What is the ideal gas law equation?
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What is the formula to calculate the change in internal energy of a gas?
What is the formula to calculate the change in internal energy of a gas?
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What is the application of isochoric process in everyday life?
What is the application of isochoric process in everyday life?
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What is the unit of the amount of substance of gas?
What is the unit of the amount of substance of gas?
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What is the formula to calculate the heat energy absorbed or released?
What is the formula to calculate the heat energy absorbed or released?
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What is the change in internal energy of a gas proportional to?
What is the change in internal energy of a gas proportional to?
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What is the specific heat at constant volume a measure of?
What is the specific heat at constant volume a measure of?
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Study Notes
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Fundamental principle: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
- Mathematical expression: ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done by the system.
Thermodynamic Processes
- Constant volume process: Isochoric process maintains the same volume despite changes in pressure and temperature.
- Constant pressure process: Isobaric process retains the same pressure while volume and temperature can change.
- Characteristic of an adiabatic process: No heat is exchanged with the surroundings, leading to changes in temperature due only to work done.
Heat Transfer and Work
- Primary interaction method: Heat transfer (Q) is the main mode through which thermodynamic systems interact with their environment.
- Characteristic of isobaric processes: Pressure remains constant as the volume changes.
- Effect of heat transfer in an isobaric process: Heat added causes an increase in volume and temperature at constant pressure.
- Work done in an isobaric process: W = PΔV, where P is pressure and ΔV is the change in volume.
- Sign of work: Positive when the system expands (volume increases).
Applications and Phenomena
- Everyday application of isobaric processes: Cooking at constant pressure in an open pot, where boiling occurs at atmospheric pressure.
- Refrigeration and air conditioning: During compression, refrigerant gases experience a temperature increase.
- Isochoric process: Involves constant volume with variable pressure and temperature.
Pressure and Temperature Relationships
- Condition for boiling water: Occurs when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
- Isochoric process characteristics: Volume is unchanged while pressure and temperature can vary.
- Pressure-temperature relationship for ideal gases in isochoric processes: Pressure increases with temperature in a directly proportional manner.
- Mathematical equation for isochoric process: P1/T1 = P2/T2.
Internal Energy and Gas Laws
- Change in internal energy in an isochoric process: Proportional to heat added, as no work is done (W = 0).
- Ideal gas law equation: PV = nRT, relating pressure (P), volume (V), amount of gas (n), the universal gas constant (R), and temperature (T).
- Formula for change in internal energy: ΔU = nCvΔT where Cv is the specific heat at constant volume.
Specific Heat and Energy Calculations
- Specific heat at constant volume: Measures the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of gas at constant volume.
- Unit of the amount of substance of gas: Mole (mol).
- Formula to calculate heat energy absorbed or released: Q = mcΔT, where m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
- Change in internal energy is proportional to heat added during an isochoric process.
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Description
This quiz covers thermodynamic processes, including isobaric and isochoric processes, with examples and problem-solving exercises involving the first law of thermodynamics.
