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Thermodynamics Flashcards
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Thermodynamics Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is thermodynamics?

The set of laws that describe how energy and matter behave at a macroscopic level.

An enzyme would _____ the reaction but wouldn't affect the ______.

speed up, equilibrium

What does it mean that energy is a state function?

Energies of reactants to products are independent of the conversion pathway.

What is ΔH in a reaction?

<p>ΔH is the heat generated or absorbed during a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If ΔH is 0, heat is ______, and the reaction is ______.

<p>absorbed, endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is entropy?

<p>A measure of disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the entropy of a molecule?

<p>Translational, rotational, and internal (vibrational) entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

As temperature increases, how does entropy change?

<p>Systems become more disordered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts regarding biological processes:

<p>Entropy = Measure of disorder Enthalpy = Heat generated or absorbed Gibbs Free Energy = Combines enthalpy and entropy to determine reaction spontaneity Reaction Spontaneity = Depends on both enthalpy and entropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of enthalpy and entropy in spontaneous reactions?

<p>Both enthalpy and entropy should be considered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gibbs Free Energy change?

<p>ΔG = ΔH - TΔS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is an exergonic reaction characterized by ΔG < 0?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is an endergonic reaction characterized by ΔG > 0?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

At equilibrium, ΔG = ______.

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ΔH (-) and ΔS (+)?

<p>It indicates the reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when ΔS > 0?

<p>The reaction will more likely proceed as temperature increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and coupled reactions?

<p>An unfavorable reaction can be coupled to a favorable one as long as the overall ΔG is &lt; 0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP's role in coupled reactions?

<p>ATP acts as the primary energy currency of living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The equation for the transport of uncharged molecules is ΔG = ______.

<p>RT ln ([A]in/[A]out)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of electric potential difference in the transport of charged molecules?

<p>It affects the Gibbs Free Energy equation for charged molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thermodynamics Overview

  • Thermodynamics describes energy and matter behavior at the macroscopic level.
  • It predicts the macroscopic properties of chemical reactions, indicating direction and equilibrium but not reaction speed.

Enzymatic Influence

  • Enzymes speed up reactions but do not affect the equilibrium position.

Energy as a State Function

  • The energy change in a reaction is independent of the conversion pathway.
  • At equilibrium, the ratio of reactants to products remains consistent regardless of the mechanism.

Enthalpy

  • Enthalpy change (ΔH) represents the heat generated or absorbed during a reaction: ΔH = Hproducts - Hreactants.
  • A positive ΔH indicates absorbed heat, defining the reaction as endothermic.

Entropy

  • Entropy measures disorder; the universe tends towards increased disorder and is also a state function.
  • The entropy of a molecule includes contributions from translational, rotational, and internal motions.

Entropy and Molecular Interactions

  • Condensation of two molecules into one costs translational and rotational entropy.
  • Increased temperature typically results in higher system entropy.

Biological Processes

  • Biological systems balance entropy and enthalpy to drive reactions.

Entropic and Enthalpic Processes

  • Examples include DNA strand association (entropy decrease) and the hydrophobic effect (entropy increase).

Reaction Spontaneity

  • Determining reaction spontaneity requires both enthalpy and entropy considerations.
  • Gibbs Free Energy (G) combines both: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.

Gibbs Free Energy

  • A negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous reaction; stability of products over substrates is key.
  • Factors influencing ΔG are enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS).

Reaction Types

  • Exergonic: ΔG < 0 (spontaneous, can be endothermic or exothermic).
  • Endergonic: ΔG > 0 (not spontaneous, reverse reaction may be spontaneous).
  • Equilibrium: ΔG = 0 (no net reaction).

Temperature Effects on Reactions

  • Reactions with ΔH (-), ΔS (+) are spontaneous at all temperatures.
  • Reactions with ΔH (-), ΔS (-) can be spontaneous only below a specific temperature.
  • Reactions with ΔH (+), ΔS (+) are spontaneous above a certain temperature, while those with both ΔH (+) and ΔS (-) are unspontaneous.

Entropy Increase with Temperature

  • The TΔS term grows larger as temperature rises, influencing spontaneity.

Coupled Reactions

  • An unfavorable reaction can drive a favorable one if the overall ΔG remains less than zero, crucial in metabolic pathways.

ATP as Energy Currency

  • ATP hydrolysis is highly exergonic and can drive endergonic reactions, linking energy release and demand.

Transport Dynamics for Molecules

  • The transport of uncharged molecules follows the concentration gradient; ΔGo' is zero at equilibrium.
  • For charged molecules, the electric potential difference across membranes is significant in determining ΔG, incorporating both concentration and charge.

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Explore the core concepts of thermodynamics through these informative flashcards. Understand the fundamental laws governing energy and matter at a macroscopic level, as well as the influence of enzymes on chemical reactions. Test your knowledge and reinforce your learning in this crucial science field.

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