Questions and Answers
What is the term for when an agreement exists between two systems regarding the exchange of goods and services?
Which concept describes the tendency to reach a characteristic final state from different initial states?
What process allows a system to achieve some constancy in input-output exchanges?
In the context of system processes, what does 'Negentropy' refer to?
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What is the first stage of planned change identified by Lewin?
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What key function allows a system to decide on resource allocation?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of adaptation in a system?
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Which system process involves the identification of methods used by a reference group?
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What is the goal of the unfreezing phase in Kurt Lewin's Change Theory?
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Which component is NOT part of the movement phase in Kurt Lewin's Change Theory?
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What phase follows the implementation of planned change in Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory?
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Which phase in Ronald Lippitt’s Change Theory directly involves examining alternative routes and goals?
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Which change theory emphasizes the importance of social influences in the change process?
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What is the final phase in Ronald Lippitt's Change Theory?
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Which method does NOT contribute to change according to Kurt Lewin's framework?
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What element is key in establishing the foundation for change in Ronald Lippitt’s Change Theory?
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What perspective emphasizes that individuals develop based on their own intrinsic qualities?
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Which theory suggests that children are born innately good and society can corrupt them?
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Which developmental theory is associated with John Locke's idea of the mind being a 'blank slate'?
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Which concept is NOT included in the Organismic Perspective?
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Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict are associated with which approach to understanding human development?
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What does the Psychoanalytic Perspective primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is an aspect of Environmentalism in development?
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Which of the following best describes the role of maturationism in human development?
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What does proxemics study?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing personal space?
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What is considered an intimate distance zone?
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What is the primary goal of crisis intervention?
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Which type of touch is categorized as 'Social-Polite Touch'?
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Which type of territory is specifically reserved for particular people during defined periods?
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What does kinesics primarily refer to?
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What is considered a dispositional crisis?
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Which of the following facial expressions conveys happiness?
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Which area is NOT part of Caplan’s assessment for crisis intervention?
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What role does eye contact typically play in communication?
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What type of crisis is related to normal life transitions?
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What category of touch is exemplified by tight hugs between intimate partners?
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Who is recognized as the father of modern crisis treatment?
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Which is an example of a crisis resulting from traumatic stress?
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What primarily distinguishes home territory from other territorial types?
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Study Notes
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
- Human development can be understood through three main theoretical perspectives: Environmentalism, Organismic Perspective, and Psychoanalytic Perspective.
- Environmentalism posits that individuals grow based on their environmental influences.
- Organismic Perspective emphasizes internal factors, suggesting that development is shaped by self-directed growth and includes theories like Naturalism, Cognitive Development, Humanism, Moral Development, and Maturationism.
Key Theorists and Their Contributions
- Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict highlighted the role of cultural values in child-rearing and adult characteristics, emphasizing experiential factors in development.
- John Locke’s British Empiricism theorizes that the mind is a "blank slate" at birth; knowledge is acquired through sensory experience.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Naturalism argues that children are inherently good, corrupted only by societal evils.
Systems Theory
- Systems theory requires a system to adapt, make decisions, and integrate its parts to achieve a steady state of input-output exchanges.
- Key processes include adaptation, decision-making about resource allocation, feedback mechanisms to maintain balance (negentropy), and equifinality, where different initial states lead to the same outcome.
- Initially proposed by Hall & Weaver, systems process involves elements like input, process, output, and feedback.
Change Theories in Nursing Practice
- Kurt Lewin's Change Theory outlines three stages: Unfreezing (recognizing the need for change), Movement (implementing the change), and Refreezing (stabilizing the new state).
- Ronald Lippitt identified eight phases of the change process, emphasizing establishing a need for change and generalizing successful adaptations.
Learning Theories
- Bandura’s Social Learning Theory focuses on learning through observation and modeling.
- Health Belief Model explains how beliefs influence health behaviors.
- Knowles’ Adult Learning Theory emphasizes the distinct characteristics of adult learning.
Non-Verbal Communication
- Communication can be conveyed without words through facial expressions, gestures, and body language.
- Proxemics studies personal space and how individuals maintain distance based on social contexts.
Crisis Intervention Theories
- Caplan’s Crisis Intervention Theory assesses individual capacity to handle stress while maintaining equilibrium during crises.
- Four types of emotional crises include dispositional, anticipated life transition, traumatic stress, and crises that arise from problematic situations.
- The focus of crisis intervention is to reinforce strengths and encourage independence.
Key Concepts of Personal Space
- Personal preferences, relationships, topics of discussion, cultural backgrounds, and communication context influence personal space.
- Different types of territories include public (open space), interactional (reserved space), and home (personal living space).
Expanded Crisis Theory
- Caplan’s Extended Crisis Theory emphasizes three areas for assessment: stress tolerance, reality recognition in problem-solving, and coping mechanisms.
- Types of crises are categorized based on their origins and the need for directed interventions.
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Description
Explore key theoretical perspectives on human development, including Environmentalism, Organismic Perspective, and Psychoanalytic Perspective. Discover the contributions of influential theorists such as Margaret Mead, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau in understanding how cultural and experiential factors shape development.
