Human Development Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does growth specifically refer to in the context of human development?

An increase in cognitive abilities

The development of emotional maturity

An increase in body size (correct)

The enhancement of social skills

Which factor is classified as an environmental influence on growth and development?

Cultural beliefs

Nutritional status

Socio-economic conditions (correct)

Genetic traits

According to major developmental theories, which of the following best describes the relationship between growth and development?

Growth is a result of developmental processes

They are entirely independent from each other

Development occurs at a faster pace than growth

They are independent yet interrelated processes (correct)

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the qualities of self-actualization in development?

Humanistic Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the learning perspective of human development?

Behavior is influenced by environmental contexts Signup and view all the answers

In the context of heredity vs. environment, what does 'nurture' refer to?

Environmental influences after birth Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the Psychosexual Theory of development?

Freud Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the primary focus of cognitive development theories?

Qualitative changes in thought processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the major task for infants during the period of trust vs. mistrust?

Acquiring a sense of trust Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior indicates a child is developing a sense of autonomy (1-3 years)?

Showing a sense of will Signup and view all the answers

What type of play is encouraged during the initiative vs. guilt stage (3-6 years)?

Fantasy play Signup and view all the answers

What usually leads to the development of shame and doubt in early childhood?

Prohibition of self-care tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common fear for infants during the mistrust phase?

Loss of control Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable behavior in children showing initiative (3-6 years)?

Starting many tasks but completing few Signup and view all the answers

What essential need must be met for infants to develop trust?

Nurturing and emotional support Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is most likely to contribute to feelings of guilt in preschool-aged children?

Punishment for making mistakes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key behavior indicating a child is developing industry during the school age period?

Completing tasks and taking pride in accomplishments Signup and view all the answers

What major fear may affect the development of industry in school-aged children?

Fear of not being able to live up to expectations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the identity vs. role confusion stage of adolescence?

Adolescents achieve clarity and integration of their life experiences Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might suggest an adolescent is experiencing role confusion?

Testing social norms and trying out different lifestyles Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability marks the transition from egocentric to objective thinking?

Concrete operations Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive development involves magical thinking and animism?

Intuitive thought Signup and view all the answers

What is a major fear that young adults face during the intimacy vs. isolation stage?

Fear of being alone and isolated Signup and view all the answers

How does one typically develop their identity during adolescence?

Through integration of experiences into a cohesive self-image Signup and view all the answers

What reasoning ability develops during the formal operations stage?

Deductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive skill is defined as understanding that an object remains the same even when its appearance changes?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is often observed in adolescents trying to establish their identity?

Engaging in diverse social activities and exploring different lifestyles Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of young adults who successfully establish intimacy?

They have stable, loving relationships Signup and view all the answers

At which stage are children capable of inductive reasoning, where specific observations are used to form general conclusions?

Concrete operations Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget suggest about the role of the child in the learning process?

Active participant Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability demonstrates a child's capability to manipulate numbers and learn basic math during concrete operations?

Combination Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development is characterized by idealism and a systematic approach to problems?

Formal operations Signup and view all the answers

At what age do the two lower incisors typically appear in infants?

6 months of age Signup and view all the answers

Which component of effective communication emphasizes the importance of emotional understanding over cognitive comprehension in infants?

Touch Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physical proximity in communication with children?

It can cause anxiety if unfamiliar. Signup and view all the answers

Which listening skill is NOT considered part of active listening?

Interruption for clarification Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best illustrates the concept of visual communication in children?

Visual learners respond better to visuals than to spoken words. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a component of effective communication?

Feedback from others Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect regarding touch when communicating with infants?

Touch can convey emotions like love and comfort. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically have all twenty primary teeth?

By 3 years of age Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior indicates that a 6-month-old infant is developing fine motor skills?

Bats at objects Signup and view all the answers

At 6 months of age, what is a crucial aspect of health maintenance regarding nutrition?

Maintain a breastfeeding schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognized critical milestone for a 6-month-old in personal/social development?

Stares at own hand Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the safety measures recommended for a 6-month-old?

Choking hazards should be discussed Signup and view all the answers

What gross motor skill is commonly observed in a 6-month-old infant?

Maintains head in a steady position when sitting Signup and view all the answers

Which activity should be encouraged to promote play in a 6-month-old infant?

Provide bright rattles and tactile toys Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended action regarding sleep for a 6-month-old infant?

Place the infant on their back or side to sleep Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive development milestone should be observed in a 6-month-old?

Vocalizes and makes 'ooh' sounds Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Developmental Milestones

Growth refers to an increase in body size (e.g., height, weight), a measurable and quantitative change.
Development refers to an increasing ability to function at more advanced skills, a qualitative and measurable change; synonym for maturation.
Growth and development are independent but interconnected processes. Growth generally occurs during the first 20 years of life; development continues throughout life.

Learning Objectives

Describe principles of growth and development, and developmental stages according to major theorists.
Assess a child to determine the stage of development achieved.
Plan nursing care for a specific child.

Factors Influencing Growth & Development

Genetics (sex, physical stature, race)
Environment (hazards, smoking, socioeconomic status)
Culture (habits, beliefs, language, values)
Religion
Nutrition (adequate food)
Health status (disease state of the child)
Family (influence, bonds)
Parental attitudes (education, childhood experience)
Child-rearing philosophies

Heredity vs. Environment

Nature (inborn traits and characteristics inherited from biological parents).
Nurture (environmental influences before and after birth: family, peers, school, neighborhoods, society, culture).

Theories of Development

Psychoanalytic: Behavior is controlled by powerful unconscious urges (e.g., Freud's psychosexual theory, Erikson's psychosocial theory).
Learning: People are responders; environment controls behavior (e.g., Pavlov, Skinner, Watson). Children learn through observing and imitating models (e.g., Bandura).
Humanistic: People have the ability to take charge of their lives and foster their own development (e.g., Maslow's self-actualization theory).
Cognitive: Qualitative changes in thought occur between infancy and adolescence (e.g., Piaget). Human beings process symbols (e.g., Information Processing).
Ethological: Human beings have adaptive mechanisms to survive. Critical or sensitive periods and biological/evolutionary bases for behavior are important (e.g., Bowlby's and Ainsworth's attachment theory).
Contextual: Development occurs through interaction between a developing person and surrounding interlocking contextual systems of influence (e.g., Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory).

Principles of Growth & Development

Directional: Cephalocaudal (head to toe), proximodistal (midline to periphery), and mass to specific (simple before complex).
Sequential: General to specific (cry, crawl, walk); simple to complex (language, social skills); gross to refined (using crayons, writing).
Rate: Not constant; growth spurts alternate with periods of slow or stagnant growth.

Theories of Growth and Development

Listed various theories and theorists.

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Viennese physician.
Freud's psychosexual stages of development emphasize sexual instincts' role in personality development.
At each stage, certain bodily parts are the foci for sexual energy and conflict.

Theoretical Foundations

Id: unconscious mind, inborn component, driven by instinct; immediate gratification of needs.
Ego: conscious mind, reality principle.
Superego: conscience, moral arbitrator; represents the ideal.

Freud's Periods of Development

Oral Stage (0-1 year): Pleasure through mouth; caregiver responsiveness is central to developing trust.
Anal Stage (18 months -3.5 years): Interest in anal region; mastery of toilet training is key.
Phallic Stage (4-7 years): Development of sexual attachment to parents of opposite sex (Oedipus/Electra complexes).

Latency Period (7-11 years)

Sexual drive is repressed. Focus on skill and talent development.

Genital Stage (12 years and above)

Resurgence of sexual drives in adolescence. Developing ability to love and work

Erickson's Psychosocial Theory

Erikson believed that development is a life-long series of conflicts influenced by social and cultural factors where each stage involves a specific development task or conflict.
First stage is Trust vs. Mistrust (0-12 months) where infants acquire sense of trust through consistent and effective meeting of needs. Mistrust occurs with inconsistent care.

Stages (continued from above)

Descriptions and behaviors for Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt(1-3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-13 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion(13-18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-25 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (25-65 years)
Integrity vs. Despair (60+ years)
Includes fears and common fears related to each stage

Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)

Used to screen children's development from 1 month up to 6 years: gross and fine motor skills; language development; personal-social development; a secondary prevention tool.

Language Development

Pre-linguistic (birth to 10 months):Crying, cooing, and babbling.
Holophrastic (1 year): Using single words.
Telegraphic (18-24 months):Using significant words; usually nouns and verbs.
Pre-school (2-5 years): Using full sentences; complex vocabulary.
Middle childhood: Learning grammar, complex sentence structures, and vocabulary.

Play

Work of children; done to amuse; behavioral, social, and psychomotor; meaningful and purposeful. -Helps learn about shape, color, cause, effect, social interactions, and psychomotor skills -Classifications of play include: Practice, skill, and symbolic. Also discussed are games and the functions of play. (Sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, creative, therapeutic value, and familiarization)

Solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative play
Describes each type of play and includes age ranges.
Includes information about death concepts based on various stages of development and on Separation Anxiety.

Physical Growth Trends (detailed table included with age, weight, and height info)

Also includes physical growth, height, and weight patterns related to these concepts, and information about bone and tooth formation.

Communication with Children

Parents and family play a crucial role; establishing rapport is key. Also discusses: choices of words, touch, physical proximity, listening skills, visual communication, body language, timing, and cultural differences

Family Centered Care (FCC)

Elements of FCC include:
establishing rapport, availability and openness, family education and empowerment, conflict management, feedback from families and children, and spirituality.

Communication with Children with Special Needs

Covers communication challenges for various special needs: visual impairment, hearing impairment, language differences, aphonia, and profound neurological impairment

Stage-specific Focussed Assessments (Newborn-18 months)

Additional information covering focused assessments for various age groups.

HDM 3 (Growth and Development)

Information about different stages, encompassing the full course of lifespan, from infancy to adolescents, critical milestones and health maintenance as well as anticipatory guidance.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of human development, including growth, environmental influences, and major theoretical perspectives. This quiz covers the Psychosexual Theory, cognitive development, and the implications of heredity versus environment. Perfect for students and enthusiasts in psychology and education!