The Lymphatic and Immune System Chapter 21: Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which component of the lymphatic system is responsible for the development of the critical immune response?

Lymphocytes

Lymph fluid

Lymph vessels

Lymph nodes (correct)

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in relation to the circulatory system?

To filter pathogens from the blood

To provide a route for the circulation of lymphocytes

To transport dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

To bring excess fluid from the interstitial spaces to the bloodstream (correct)

What is the role of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response?

Lymphocytes produce plasma cells that bind to specific molecules known as antigens

Lymphocytes help mediate the immune response against parasites and pathogens

Lymphocytes are phagocytic and ingest pathogens

Lymphocytes coordinate the adaptive immune response (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes are the only organs in the lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the innate immune response?

To provide a rapid, but non-specific defense against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Where do all leukocytes (white blood cells) originate?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymph nodes?

To filter lymph fluid and remove debris and pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spleen in the immune system?

The spleen filters the blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tonsils in the immune system?

The tonsils play an important role in developing immunity to oral pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between lymph nodes and lymphoid nodules?

Lymph nodes have a fibrous capsule, while lymphoid nodules do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

MALT plays a role in developing immunity to pathogens at mucosal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the efferent lymphatic vessels in a lymph node?

To transport lymphocytes and plasma cells out of the lymph node Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why a vaccine for HIV/AIDS has not been developed after 30 years?

The virus mutates too often, making it difficult to develop an effective vaccine. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes along blood vessel linings, causing inflammation?

Type 3 (Immune complex) hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why autoimmune diseases are more rare in countries with high infectious disease rates?

Exposure to a variety of pathogens helps maintain a healthy immune tolerance, preventing autoimmune reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why a healthy immune system can control some cancers?

The immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells before they proliferate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why organ transplant recipients must match MHC alleles, and not just blood type?

Matching MHC alleles is necessary to ensure the transplanted organ is not rejected by the recipient's body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the immune system can cause complications in cancer treatment, but the benefits still outweigh the risks?

The immune system's ability to control some cancers is more important than the potential complications it may cause, which can be managed effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Helper T cells in the immune response?

Secrete cytokines to enhance other immune responses Signup and view all the answers

In the process of T cell tolerance, what happens during positive selection?

T cells bind to class II antigen expression Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is responsible for killing target cells by inducing apoptosis?

Cytotoxic T cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of B cells in the immune system?

Secrete antibody Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody class is associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate response time for a secondary exposure compared to the initial response?

Immediate and stronger Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response involves coating a pathogen to make it impossible to bind to a receptor?

Mucosal immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Central Tolerance and Peripheral Tolerance in B cells?

"Self" cells are eliminated in peripheral tolerance and undergo apoptosis in central tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

"Clonal selection" refers to which process in the immune response?

"The process of antigen binding only to the T cell with that specific receptor" Signup and view all the answers

"Memory B cells" react similar to which other type of immune cell?

"Memory T cell" Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of BALT (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue)?

Facilitating the exchange of gases between the lungs and the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the innate immune response is FALSE?

It is always effective in eliminating pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT involved in the innate immune response?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the complement system?

Opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?

It is a rapid response to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is involved in the inflammatory response?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Recognizing and binding to specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about MHC molecules is TRUE?

MHC molecules are involved in the presentation of antigens to T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is FALSE?

Autoimmune diseases are caused by a deficiency in the innate immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines in the immune response?

Inducing apoptosis in infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Immune system: cells and organs that destroy pathogens
Lymphatic system: vessels, cells, and organs that bring excess fluid to the bloodstream and filter pathogens from the blood
Lymph: interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system
Dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and travel in lymphatic vessels to the liver
Lymph node: major staging area for development of critical immune response

Structure of the Lymphatic System

Open-ended capillaries that feed into larger vessels and eventually into the subclavian vein
Capillaries are simple squamous endothelial cells
We have 500-600 lymph nodes along those vessels
Lymph is not pumped – it moves by breathing, muscle contraction, and body movements
One-way valves keep it moving toward the heart (like veins)
Areas with no lymph vessels: bone marrow, CNS, teeth, and cornea

Organization of Immune Function

Barrier defenses: skin and mucous membranes, prevent invasion
Innate immune response: rapid, but non-specific cells
Adaptive immune response: slower response of lymphocytes
All leukocytes come from the red marrow (myeloid or lymphoid)
Phagocytic cells: ingest pathogens
Lymphocytes: coordinate adaptive immunity
Granular cells: help mediate immune response against parasites and pathogens like bacteria and viruses

Barrier Defenses and Innate Immune Response

Barrier defenses: most basic, continuously working (skin and sweat, mouth, stomach, mucosal surfaces, and normal flora)
Innate immune response: rapid, non-specific, not always effective
Adaptive immune response: slower to develop, highly specific, very effective at attacking a wide variety of pathogens

Innate Immune Cells

Macrophage: phagocyte that will roam or take a fixed position, first line of defense, cooperates with lymphocytes
Neutrophils: phagocyte that is attracted via chemotaxis, reinforcements, cooperate with lymphocytes
Monocyte: differentiates into a macrophage or dendritic cell
Natural killer cells: induce apoptosis in an infected cell by releasing the fas ligand to bind to the fas molecule on the infected cell or by releasing perforins and granzymes

Antigen Presentation and Recognition

Antigen-presenting cells: present antigens to T cells
T cells: recognize antigens on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules: present antigens on the surface of cells
Antigen processing: breaking down antigens into smaller pieces for presentation

T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

T cells: coordinate adaptive immune response
Antigen recognition: T cells recognize antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
Variable region: specific for binding to a single particular antigen
Antigens: the region on a pathogen that binds to a receptor
Carb antigen: bacteria and RBC
Protein antigen: viruses and worm parasites

Adaptive Immune Response

Primary adaptive response: first infection has worse symptoms because adaptive immune system needs to become effective
Secondary adaptive response: next infection is most likely eliminated before you notice a symptom, this is immunological memory
Autoimmune disease: adaptive immune response begins to attack your “self” cells

Lymphoid Organs

Lymph nodes: remove debris and pathogens, dendritic cells and macrophages kill many pathogens, many B and T cells are present
Spleen: extensive vascularization, known as “filter of the Blood”, holds many dendrites and macrophages
Lymphoid nodules: dense cluster of lymphocytes without a fibrous capsule, found in respiratory and digestive tracts (tonsils)

Hypersensitivities

Immediate (Type 1): IgE binds to mast cells causing degranulation, reactions are rapid, treated with antihistamine and epinephrine
Type 2: mismatched blood transfusion
Type 3: systemic disease, antigens and antibodies will accumulate along blood vessel linings causing inflammation
Delayed (Type 4): standard cellular immune response, so it takes 24-72 hours for the response of symptoms (Tb test)

Autoimmune Response

Tolerance breaks down and the immune system attacks a person's own body
Trigger is often unknown
Treat with immunosuppressive drugs and anti-inflammatories
Autoimmune disease is more rare in countries with high infectious disease rates

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems, covering topics such as immune system cells, lymphatic vessels, dietary lipid absorption, and lymph node functions.