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STS-GENED7 Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions
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STS-GENED7 Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions

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Questions and Answers

What was the Copernican paradigm considered by the Catholic Church during the 16th century?

  • A heretical concept (correct)
  • A revolutionary theory
  • A scientific standard
  • A theological doctrine

    • What significant event is associated with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?

  • His education at Shrewsbury School
  • The publication of The Descent of Man
  • His struggle in medical studies
  • The voyage on HMS Beagle (correct)

    • What was the primary impact of Darwin's book The Origin of Species?

  • It presented a comprehensive theory of evolution (correct)
  • It criticized the methodology of scientific inquiry
  • It argued against the existence of intelligent design
  • It reinforced religious beliefs about life's origins

    • How did Darwin challenge the contemporary views on human existence with his theory of evolution?

    <p>He indicated a common ancestry among all species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to evolutionary biology, which domain is significantly associated with Darwin's contributions?

    <p>Science philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What qualities are attributed to Sigmund Freud in relation to psychology?

    <p>A gifted communicator and literary figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Darwin gather to support his theory of evolution?

    <p>A large amount of material and evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the societal response to Darwin's theory of evolution during its introduction?

    <p>Significant controversy and skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'intellectual revolution' signify?

    <p>A time when scientific views underwent significant shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief did Claudius Ptolemy support regarding the structure of the universe?

    <p>Geocentrism, with the Earth at the center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

    <p>It simplified the understanding of planet orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool was crucial in enabling the exploration of space and the development of new scientific ideas?

    <p>The telescope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of days in the Haab calendar?

    <p>365 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the Tzolk’in calendar?

    <p>Not divided into months but consists of 20 day glyphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did many people initially oppose Copernicus's heliocentric model?

    <p>It challenged established religious beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a belief held by many Greek philosophers concerning celestial bodies?

    <p>They rotated in circular motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique crop-related aspect is associated with the Tzolk’in calendar?

    <p>It matches the gestational period of humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of punishment did Copernicus face for his theories?

    <p>He was declared a heretic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant engineering feat did the Mayans achieve in their cities?

    <p>Developing a complex hydraulic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material did the Mayans use to create vibrant colored textiles?

    <p>Mica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated scientists throughout history in their pursuit of knowledge?

    <p>Curiosity, critical thinking, and innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Mayans contribute to the development of writing?

    <p>By adopting hieroglyphics as a writing system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'Wayeb' in the Haab calendar?

    <p>It comprises five additional days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many letters make up the Mayan writing system?

    <p>More than 800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Schumpeter refer to as 'the process of industrial mutation'?

    <p>A continuous revolution of economic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shift in employment is highlighted as a consequence of advances in digital technology?

    <p>Reduced reliance on manual labor force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable development in governmental interactions due to technological advancements?

    <p>Decentralization from sovereign states to supranational governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant astronomical contributions of the Mayan Civilization?

    <p>Ability to forecast eclipses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Mayans incorporate their astronomical knowledge into their architecture?

    <p>By aligning temples with celestial events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the labor force shift mentioned in the content?

    <p>Rise of knowledge and creativity-based jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural aspect characterized the Mesoamerican region prior to European colonization?

    <p>Richness in culture and knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of education is highlighted as being affected by technological change?

    <p>Emphasis on critical reasoning abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first physician to perform clinical trials?

    <p>Ibn Sina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following works by Ibn Sina became standard medicinal texts in the 17th century?

    <p>The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient civilization is known for significant contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?

    <p>The Ancient Egyptian civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the development of geometry in Ancient Egypt primarily arise from?

    <p>The requirement to preserve farmland ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of science was Ancient Egypt notably recognized for?

    <p>Alchemy, the medieval predecessor of chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did ancient Africans utilize calendars?

    <p>A variety including lunar, solar, and stellar calendars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artifact is considered one of the oldest known mathematical tools in Africa?

    <p>The Lebombo Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one application of metallurgy in ancient African civilizations?

    <p>Manufacturing tools, agricultural implements, and architectural structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intellectual Revolution Overview

    • Intellectual revolutions signify extensive acceptance of paradigm shifts in scientific views, fundamentally transforming society.
    • Key drivers include curiosity, critical thinking, and innovation, leading to substantial advancements in science and technology.

    Nicolaus Copernicus and the Copernican Revolution

    • Copernicus countered the geocentric model proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, suggesting heliocentrism where the sun is at the center of the Solar System.
    • Initial backlash from religious communities due to conflicts with established beliefs that placed Earth at the center.
    • Copernicus's theories eventually simplified the understanding of planetary motions, propelling the scientific revolution and altering societal views on astronomy.

    Charles Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution

    • Darwin, influenced by his voyage on HMS Beagle, formulated the theory of evolution, challenging creationist views of life and species origins.
    • His landmark publication, "The Origin of Species," provided robust evidence for evolution, significantly reshaping perceptions of humanity's place in the natural world.
    • "The Descent of Man" argued that humans share a common ancestry with other species, further undermining religious interpretations of creation.

    Sigmund Freud and the Freudian Revolution

    • Freud is a pivotal figure in psychology, expanding awareness of mental health and the intricacies of human behavior.
    • He introduced theories that examined the unconscious mind, influencing psychology and cultural perspectives in profound ways.

    Technological and Economic Shifts

    • Industries reliant on technology emerged, fostering creativity and innovation among knowledgeable workers.
    • Digital advancements led to a decline in manual labor, shifting employment towards roles demanding critical thinking and creativity.
    • Political changes included decentralized governance and enhanced interaction with citizens through technology.

    Development of Science in Mesoamerica

    • Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Mayans, possessed significant cultural and scientific knowledge prior to European colonization.
    • Advanced astronomical techniques allowed Mayans to forecast celestial events and cultivate crops based on seasonal cycles.
    • The Mayans created two intricate calendar systems: the 365-day Haab and the 260-day Tzolk’in, reflecting their profound understanding of time and astronomy.
    • They were innovators in agriculture, engineering impressive water systems and urban planning, as well as being early manufacturers of rubber.

    Contributions of Ancient Egypt to Science

    • Ancient Egyptians made notable advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, with geometry evolving to manage farmland along the Nile.
    • They were early pioneers in alchemy, signaling foundational developments in chemistry and medical practices.
    • Egyptian societies utilized various calendars and demonstrated knowledge in metallurgy, impacting construction and daily life.

    Contributions of Early African Civilizations

    • African civilizations had a rich history of science and mathematics, producing significant knowledge pre-European colonization.
    • Astronomy was advanced, with various calendars utilized for agricultural and religious purposes.
    • The Lebombo Bone, dating back to roughly 35,000 BCE, exemplified early mathematical knowledge, possibly serving as a tool for calculations or lunar tracking.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into Chapter 2 of the STS-GENED7 course, focusing on the pivotal intellectual revolutions that transformed society. Explore the key figures and ideas that catalyzed these paradigm shifts and understand their profound impact on science and technology. Engage with the material to better grasp the essence of the scientific revolution.

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