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Questions and Answers
What is the primary site of disease caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
What is the primary site of disease caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
How do Brachyspira hyodysenteriae bacteria penetrate the intestinal mucosal cells?
How do Brachyspira hyodysenteriae bacteria penetrate the intestinal mucosal cells?
What is the characteristic shape of Borrelia bacteria?
What is the characteristic shape of Borrelia bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a species of Borrelia that causes Lyme disease?
Which of the following is NOT a species of Borrelia that causes Lyme disease?
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What is the common mode of transmission of Borrelia?
What is the common mode of transmission of Borrelia?
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Which of the following animals is NOT commonly affected by Borrelia?
Which of the following animals is NOT commonly affected by Borrelia?
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What is the name of the disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?
What is the name of the disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?
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What is the consequence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection in the large intestine?
What is the consequence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection in the large intestine?
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What is the role of flagella in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae bacteria?
What is the role of flagella in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae bacteria?
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What is the name of the ticks that transmit Borrelia?
What is the name of the ticks that transmit Borrelia?
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What is the name of the reservoirs for Borrelia?
What is the name of the reservoirs for Borrelia?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi?
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What is the primary symptom of Lyme disease in dogs?
What is the primary symptom of Lyme disease in dogs?
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What is the primary host of Leptospira spp.?
What is the primary host of Leptospira spp.?
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What is the primary route of entry for Leptospira spp. infection?
What is the primary route of entry for Leptospira spp. infection?
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What is the primary target organ of Leptospira spp. infection?
What is the primary target organ of Leptospira spp. infection?
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What is the primary mechanism of Leptospira spp. transmission?
What is the primary mechanism of Leptospira spp. transmission?
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What is the primary role of reservoir hosts in Leptospira spp. transmission?
What is the primary role of reservoir hosts in Leptospira spp. transmission?
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What is the primary characteristic of pathogenic Leptospira spp.?
What is the primary characteristic of pathogenic Leptospira spp.?
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What is the primary method of Leptospira spp. classification?
What is the primary method of Leptospira spp. classification?
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What is the primary consequence of Leptospira spp. infection in animals?
What is the primary consequence of Leptospira spp. infection in animals?
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What is the periplasmic space in the cells of the Spirochaetia class?
What is the periplasmic space in the cells of the Spirochaetia class?
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What is the primary characteristic of swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in terms of clinical signs?
What is the primary characteristic of swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in terms of clinical signs?
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Which age group of pigs is most commonly affected by swine dysentery?
Which age group of pigs is most commonly affected by swine dysentery?
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Where is the reservoir of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae found?
Where is the reservoir of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae found?
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What is the most common mode of transmission for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
What is the most common mode of transmission for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
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Which class do Brachyspirales, Leptospirales, and Spirochaetales belong to?
Which class do Brachyspirales, Leptospirales, and Spirochaetales belong to?
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What are the characteristics of the genus Brachyspira?
What are the characteristics of the genus Brachyspira?
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What is one distinguishing characteristic of diarrhea caused by swine dysentery?
What is one distinguishing characteristic of diarrhea caused by swine dysentery?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of swine dysentery?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of swine dysentery?
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What is the usual mortality rate range for swine dysentery?
What is the usual mortality rate range for swine dysentery?
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What type of lesions does Leptospira NOT produce at the site of entry?
What type of lesions does Leptospira NOT produce at the site of entry?
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Which clinical phase of leptospirosis involves the production of antibodies and excretion of bacteria?
Which clinical phase of leptospirosis involves the production of antibodies and excretion of bacteria?
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Which condition is a result of chronic leptospirosis in horses?
Which condition is a result of chronic leptospirosis in horses?
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What is NOT a typical finding in the acute phase of leptospirosis?
What is NOT a typical finding in the acute phase of leptospirosis?
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What pathological condition is associated with chronic leptospirosis in cattle?
What pathological condition is associated with chronic leptospirosis in cattle?
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Which of the following symptoms is specific to pups with leptospirosis?
Which of the following symptoms is specific to pups with leptospirosis?
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What reproductive consequence is caused by leptospirosis in cattle, pigs, and horses?
What reproductive consequence is caused by leptospirosis in cattle, pigs, and horses?
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What secondary condition can develop in dogs due to leptospiral invasion of the liver?
What secondary condition can develop in dogs due to leptospiral invasion of the liver?
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Which term does NOT describe lesions that can occur in the lungs due to leptospirosis?
Which term does NOT describe lesions that can occur in the lungs due to leptospirosis?
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Which symptom is seen in chronic infections of leptospirosis in humans and horses?
Which symptom is seen in chronic infections of leptospirosis in humans and horses?
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Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis in lactating cows?
Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis in lactating cows?
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Which serovar is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis in small ruminants?
Which serovar is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis in small ruminants?
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What is a common outcome of leptospirosis in swine concerning their reproductive health?
What is a common outcome of leptospirosis in swine concerning their reproductive health?
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Which condition is generally NOT observed in dogs with leptospirosis?
Which condition is generally NOT observed in dogs with leptospirosis?
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Which serovar is associated with leptospirosis infection in horses globally?
Which serovar is associated with leptospirosis infection in horses globally?
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What clinical sign is usually noted in equine acute leptospirosis infection?
What clinical sign is usually noted in equine acute leptospirosis infection?
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Which reproductive issue is associated with typical equine leptospirosis?
Which reproductive issue is associated with typical equine leptospirosis?
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What pathological condition occurs in a subset of equine recurrent uveitis cases caused by leptospirosis?
What pathological condition occurs in a subset of equine recurrent uveitis cases caused by leptospirosis?
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What is a common clinical presentation of leptospirosis in small ruminants?
What is a common clinical presentation of leptospirosis in small ruminants?
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Which pathogenic species is primarily responsible for leptospirosis in dogs?
Which pathogenic species is primarily responsible for leptospirosis in dogs?
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What is the main reason for the immune response being ineffective at eliminating mycoplasma infection?
What is the main reason for the immune response being ineffective at eliminating mycoplasma infection?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of invasive mycoplasma disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic of invasive mycoplasma disease?
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What is the typical outcome of M. mycoides ssp. capri infection in young goats?
What is the typical outcome of M. mycoides ssp. capri infection in young goats?
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What is the primary mechanism of transmission of mycoplasma?
What is the primary mechanism of transmission of mycoplasma?
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What is the characteristic of M. hyorhinis infection in pigs?
What is the characteristic of M. hyorhinis infection in pigs?
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What is the primary outcome of M. bovis infection in cattle?
What is the primary outcome of M. bovis infection in cattle?
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What is the characteristic of M. synoviae infection in chickens and turkeys?
What is the characteristic of M. synoviae infection in chickens and turkeys?
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What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis of mycoplasma?
What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis of mycoplasma?
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What is the primary reservoir of mycoplasma?
What is the primary reservoir of mycoplasma?
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What is the characteristic of hemotropic mycoplasma infections?
What is the characteristic of hemotropic mycoplasma infections?
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Which species is primarily responsible for causing severe mastitis often accompanied by arthritis, pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis, and septicemia in cattle?
Which species is primarily responsible for causing severe mastitis often accompanied by arthritis, pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis, and septicemia in cattle?
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Which Mycoplasma species are known to cause conjunctivitis in goats and sheep?
Which Mycoplasma species are known to cause conjunctivitis in goats and sheep?
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In which group of animals is M.capricolum ssp. Capripneumoniae the primary cause of pleuropneumonia with up to 80% mortality?
In which group of animals is M.capricolum ssp. Capripneumoniae the primary cause of pleuropneumonia with up to 80% mortality?
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Which characteristic is common to both Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)?
Which characteristic is common to both Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)?
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Which Mycoplasma species is the common cause of sinusitis, tracheitis, and air sacculitis in birds?
Which Mycoplasma species is the common cause of sinusitis, tracheitis, and air sacculitis in birds?
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Which term describes the lesions that can become sequestered in fibrous capsules, allowing organisms to remain viable for long periods in CBPP and CCPP?
Which term describes the lesions that can become sequestered in fibrous capsules, allowing organisms to remain viable for long periods in CBPP and CCPP?
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Which causative agent is linked to pleuritis in horses and also affects cats with primary or secondary conjunctivitis?
Which causative agent is linked to pleuritis in horses and also affects cats with primary or secondary conjunctivitis?
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What type of infection can result in chronic interstitial pneumonia with progression to more severe secondary bacterial infections in pigs?
What type of infection can result in chronic interstitial pneumonia with progression to more severe secondary bacterial infections in pigs?
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Which Mycoplasma species is most commonly known to cause mastitis with reduced milk yield and fibrin deposits in cattle?
Which Mycoplasma species is most commonly known to cause mastitis with reduced milk yield and fibrin deposits in cattle?
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In which species is the clinical feature of localized mastitis commonly observed?
In which species is the clinical feature of localized mastitis commonly observed?
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Which factor does not exacerbate the chronic, endemic disease caused by mycoplasmas?
Which factor does not exacerbate the chronic, endemic disease caused by mycoplasmas?
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Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotes like Mycoplasma?
Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotes like Mycoplasma?
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What is the name of the disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. Mycoides?
What is the name of the disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. Mycoides?
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Which characteristic allows mycoplasmas to maintain osmotic stability despite the absence of a cell wall?
Which characteristic allows mycoplasmas to maintain osmotic stability despite the absence of a cell wall?
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What makes the pathogenic role of Mycoplasma difficult to assess?
What makes the pathogenic role of Mycoplasma difficult to assess?
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Which feature of Mycoplasma contributes to its susceptibility to environmental conditions?
Which feature of Mycoplasma contributes to its susceptibility to environmental conditions?
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How do mycoplasmas compensate for their lack of biosynthetic capability?
How do mycoplasmas compensate for their lack of biosynthetic capability?
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Which statement accurately describes the membrane structure of Mycoplasma?
Which statement accurately describes the membrane structure of Mycoplasma?
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How do mycoplasmas manage to survive despite being susceptible to environmental conditions?
How do mycoplasmas manage to survive despite being susceptible to environmental conditions?
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Which of the following statements about animal mycoplasmas is true?
Which of the following statements about animal mycoplasmas is true?
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Study Notes
Genus Spirochaetia
- Slender, helically coiled, motile, flexuous, and unicellular
- Three important veterinary medicine related orders:
- Brachyspirales (Brachyspiraceae, Brachyspira)
- Leptospirales (Leptospiraceae, Leptospira)
- Spirochaetales (Borreliaceae, Borrelia)
Class Spirochaetia
- Cells consist of a protoplasmic cylinder bound by loosely connected inner and outer cell membranes
- Periplasmic space between inner and outer cell membranes containing varying amounts of periplasmic flagella/endoflagella/axial filaments
Genus Brachyspira
- Gram-negative, curved or spiral-shaped bacilli
- Associated with intestinal disease or normal commensals in several species of wild and domestic animals and birds
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes swine dysentery
- Affects weaned pigs (2-4 months old) with morbidity of 90% and mortality of 20-40%
- Clinical signs: mucohemorrhagic watery diarrhea, fever, hyporexia, weight loss, and dehydration
- Transmission: fecal-oral, reservoir in pig large intestine
Genus Borrelia
- Long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria
- Borreliosis (Lyme disease) caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii
- Affects humans, dogs, cats, cattle, and horses
- Transmitted by Ixodes species ticks
- Reservoirs: rodents (white-footed mouse) and non-human vertebrates
- Clinical signs in dogs: acute or subacute arthritis, joint swelling, shifting lameness, fever, and neurological problems
Genus Leptospira
- Leptospirosis is a widespread, global, zoonotic disease
- Causes disease in primarily domestic and wild animals
- Classified into two ways:
- Serology (serovariants) based on LPS carbohydrate composition
- DNA sequencing (species) using phylogenetics
- ≥65 species, including pathogenic species Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira borgpetersenii, and Leptospira kirschneri
- Transmission: direct or indirect contact with urine or tissues of infected animals, contaminated environment, or oral, conjunctival, respiratory, or genital routes
- Pathogenesis: colonization of proximal renal tubules, transcutaneous migration, localized replication in adipose tissue, and rapid hematogenous spread to target organs (kidneys, liver, lungs)
Leptospirosis
- Leptospira does not produce lesions at the site of entry, unlike other Spirochaeta.
- During hematogenous dissemination, symptoms include:
- Fever
- High WBC count (leukocytosis)
- Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
- Hemorrhagic lesions in target organs
Pathological Changes
- Leptospiral invasion of the liver:
- Dogs: Chronic granulomatous hepatitis, apoptosis of hepatocytes, jaundice, and fatty liver
- Cattle: Hemoglobinuria, kidney fibrosis
- Other lesions:
- Splenic necrosis
- Catarrhal enteritis
- Severe congestion (brain)
- Metritis and placentitis secondary to vasculitis (resulting in abortion)
- Uveitis and cataracts (seen in chronic infections in horses and humans)
Clinical Presentation and Signs
- Clinical disease can present biphasically:
- Acute or Septicemic phase (1 week duration)
- Immune phase (production of antibodies and excretion of bacteria)
- Significant variability in manifestation of clinical signs due to large host range and range of symptoms
Leptospirosis in Different Species
Dogs
- Clinical signs:
- Icteric, uremic, hemorrhagic, reproductive
- Leptospiral pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome
- Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (pups)
- Abortion
- Premature and weak pups
- Pathogenic species: L. interrogans, L. kirschneri
- Associated serovars: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Bratislava, Pomona
Cattle
- Significant implications economically in the agriculture industry
- Clinical signs:
- Reproductive failure
- Stillbirths
- Weak newborns
- Pyrexia
- Hemoglobinuria
- Icterus
- Haemolytic anemia
- Meningitis
- Death
- Incidental infections in lactating cows:
- Blood-tinged milk
- Drop in milk yield
- Agalactia
Leptospirosis in Small Ruminants and Swine
Small Ruminants
- Generally unnoticed with subclinical infections
- Acute infection more often in goats
- Clinical signs similar to those in cattle
- Serovars: Grippotyphosa, Australis, Hardjo, Sejroe, Hebdomadis
Swine
- Clinical signs:
- Reproductive disorders
- Increased stillbirths
- Decreased litter size
- Decrease of weaning piglets
- Increased weaning to estrus interval
Leptospirosis in Horses
- Can be affected by a wide range of serovars
- Europe: Grippotyphosa and Pomona
- Globally: Bratislava
- Clinical signs:
- Subclinical with low-grade fever, depression, and anorexia
- Acute infection symptoms:
- Jaundice
- Depression
- Conjunctival effusion
- Hemoglobinuria
- Renal disease
- Typical equine leptospirosis is associated with reproductive diseases:
- Abortion
- Stillbirths
- Weak, sickly foals
- Uveitis can occur 2-8 months after infection
- Subset of infectious, recurrent uveitis cases caused by Leptospira
Genus Mycoplasma
- Belongs to class Mollicutes
- Many commensals, but a few species cause acute mortality
- Cannot survive in the environment for a long time, but can form biofilms for some protection
- Each major domestic animal species is a host to several different pathogenic mycoplasmas, causing chronic, endemic disease
- Generally cause mild to moderate disease, exacerbated by cofactors such as age, genetics, environment, stress, and concurrent infections
Characteristics
- Lack genetic capacity to form a cell wall
- Bound by a single, true laminar membrane composed of proteins, glyco- & lipo-proteins, phospholipids, and sterols
- Susceptible to desiccation and disinfecting substances
- Smallest cell size and smallest genome of all free-living organisms
- Highly pleomorphic, with cytoskeleton controlling shape
- Rely on import systems to get nutrients from the host to survive
- Lack biosynthetic capability to make their own nutrients
- Osmotic stability maintained by integration of cholesterol in the membrane
- Cholesterol obtained exogenously, a unique characteristic of prokaryotes
Transmission and Pathogenesis
- Reservoirs of pathogenic species are infected hosts, which can be subclinically infected and carry organisms on mucosal surfaces
- Transmission occurs horizontally through aerosols, milk, reproductive tract secretions, and vertically through eggs
- Mycoplasma attaches to host cells, colonizing cell surfaces, and activating the innate immune system
- Production of cytokines leads to inflammation, and cells adjacent to inflammation become damaged
- Damaged cells release nutrients for mycoplasma growth, and metabolic products further damage cells
- Immune-complexes develop, causing more damage, and can lead to coagulopathy and vascular thrombosis
Disease Patterns and Pathology
- Two types of mycoplasma disease: invasive and localized
- Invasive mycoplasma disease can cause polyserositis, arthritis, or tenosynovitis
- Septicemia diseases are acute and associated with fever and sometimes death
- Generalized infection of acute septicemia may occur
- Species-specific disease patterns:
- M. mycoides ssp. mycoides: Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
- M. capricolum ssp. capricolum: septicemia in young goats, fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, and thromboembolic lesions
- M. hyorhinis: colonization of upper respiratory tracts in young and weanling age pigs, causing serofibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis, and polyarthritis
- M. hyosynoviae: similar to M. hyorhinis infections but milder joint lesions
- M. synoviae: causes synovitis in chickens and turkeys
- M. bovis: causes arthritis and polyarthritis in cattle
- M. agalactiae: causes mastitis in sheep and goats, accompanied by arthritis, pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis, and septicemia
- M. haemofelis: causes hemolytic anemia in cats
- M. ovis: causes hemolytic anemia in lambs
- M. suis: causes hemolytic anemia in pigs
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of the genus Spirochaetia, such as motility and unicellularity, and explore the three important veterinary medicine related orders: Brachyspirales, Leptospirales, and Spirochaetales.
