Discovering Spirochaetes
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic morphology of T. pallidum?

  • Regular coils with pointed ends and very thin (correct)
  • Spherical shape with flagella
  • Long, segmented rods
  • Irregular coils with rounded ends and thick

    • How is T. pallidum observed in laboratory settings?

  • Simple light microscopy of stained preparations
  • Dark-field microscopy and direct immunofluorescence (correct)
  • Gram staining and culture on artificial media
  • Electron microscopy of fixed specimens

    • What is the mode of transmission for T. pallidum leading to venereal syphilis?

  • Sexual transmission (correct)
  • Airborne transmission
  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • Vector-borne transmission

    • Why is T. pallidum not transmissible by stored blood?

    <p>It dies when stored at 4°C within 3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for screening congenital syphilis 6-18 months after treatment?

    <p>Detection of treponemal IgM antibodies in newborn’s serum by EIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for confirming or ruling out reactive non-treponemal test results?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test cannot be used to determine response to treatment?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for screening due to being inexpensive, rapid, and simple?

    <p>VDRL test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test detects non-treponemal antibodies known as reagin?

    <p>Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test uses the antigen called cardiolipin extracted from beef heart muscle with added lipids?

    <p>VDRL test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Spirochetes?

    <p>Gram-negative cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important species of Treponema, which causes syphilis?

    <p>T. pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is T. pallidum observed in laboratory settings?

    <p>Dark-field microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can T. pallidum not be grown on artificial culture media?

    <p>It is a human parasite with no animal or environmental reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for T. pallidum leading to venereal syphilis?

    <p>Sexual transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for confirming or ruling out reactive non-treponemal test results?

    <p>Treponemal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic morphology of T. pallidum?

    <p>Regular coils with pointed ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission leads to congenital syphilis?

    <p>Transplacental transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic motility of Spirochetes due to?

    <p>Presence of axial filaments (endoflagella)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test detects non-treponemal antibodies known as reagin?

    <p>Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of untreated cases progress to tertiary syphilis?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does T. pallidum die when stored at 4°C within 3-5 days?

    <p>It has no animal or environmental reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for screening due to being inexpensive, rapid, and simple?

    <p>Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test detects specific treponemal antibodies?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic morphology of T. pallidum?

    <p>Spiral-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for confirming or ruling out reactive non-treponemal test results?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for T. pallidum leading to venereal syphilis?

    <p>Sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test uses the antigen called cardiolipin extracted from beef heart muscle with added lipids?

    <p>Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test cannot be used to determine response to treatment?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is T. pallidum observed in laboratory settings?

    <p>Dark-field microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for screening congenital syphilis 6-18 months after treatment?

    <p>Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for confirming or ruling out reactive non-treponemal test results?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for screening due to being inexpensive, rapid, and simple?

    <p>Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is T. pallidum not transmissible by stored blood?

    <p>It cannot survive outside the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Borrelia recurrenits?

    <p>Human body louse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Borrelia species is most significant in causing Tick-borne relapsing fever?

    <p>B. hermsii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy is typically used to visualize Borreliae?

    <p>Giemsa stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the growth environment preference for Borrelia species in culture?

    <p>Microaerophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the incubation period for leptospirosis?

    <p>7 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is the causative agent of leptospirosis?

    <p>Leptospira interrogans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of leptospirosis characterized by?

    <p>Febrile influenza-like illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals act as reservoirs for Leptospira interrogans?

    <p>Rodents, dogs, swine, and cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is leptospirosis typically transmitted to humans?

    <p>Consumption of contaminated food or drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are considered the treatment of choice for leptospirosis?

    <p>Penicillin or doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second phase of leptospirosis characterized by?

    <p>Dysfunction of liver, kidney, and CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of Leptospira interrogans?

    <p>Tightly coiled motile rods with hooked ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?

    <p>Lyme disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Trench mouth a condition of?

    <p>Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Vincent's angina characterized by?

    <p>Pseudomembrane formation in the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for louse-borne (epidemic) relapsing fever?

    <p>Human body louse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important species causing Tick-borne (endemic) relapsing fever?

    <p>Borrelia hermsii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for Tick-borne (endemic) relapsing fever?

    <p>Rodents &amp; small animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What staining method is best for visualizing Borreliae?

    <p>Giemsa stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for B. recurrentis causing louse-borne (epidemic) relapsing fever?

    <p>Human body louse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of leptospirosis?

    <p>Leptospira interrogans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic motility of Spirochetes due to?

    <p>Axial filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animals act as reservoirs for Leptospira interrogans?

    <p>Rodents and swine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Borrelia recurrenits?

    <p>Human body louse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic morphology of T. pallidum?

    <p>Corkscrew-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of leptospirosis characterized by?

    <p>Septicaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic spreading circular red lesion at the site of tick bite called?

    <p>Erythema migrans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for louse-borne (epidemic) relapsing fever?

    <p>Human body louse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Trench mouth a condition of?

    <p>Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Vincent's angina characterized by?

    <p>Pseudomembrane formation in the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Borrelia species is most significant in causing Tick-borne relapsing fever?

    <p>Borrelia hermsii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for confirming or ruling out reactive non-treponemal test results?

    <p>Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

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