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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic skin lesion associated with Lyme disease?
What is a characteristic skin lesion associated with Lyme disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common reservoir for Lyme disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common reservoir for Lyme disease?
What is the primary transmission route for Leptospira interrogans?
What is the primary transmission route for Leptospira interrogans?
What is the primary cause of tissue destruction in leptospirosis?
What is the primary cause of tissue destruction in leptospirosis?
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Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Lyme disease?
Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Lyme disease?
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What characteristic of Spirochaetales makes them particularly challenging to observe with light microscopy?
What characteristic of Spirochaetales makes them particularly challenging to observe with light microscopy?
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Which virulence factor of T. pallidum helps the bacterium evade the immune system?
Which virulence factor of T. pallidum helps the bacterium evade the immune system?
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What role does hyaluronidase play in the virulence of T. pallidum?
What role does hyaluronidase play in the virulence of T. pallidum?
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What is the primary result of the host's immune response to T. pallidum infection?
What is the primary result of the host's immune response to T. pallidum infection?
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Which genus of the Spirochaetaceae family is known for its pathogenic potential in humans?
Which genus of the Spirochaetaceae family is known for its pathogenic potential in humans?
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What are the symptoms commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?
What are the symptoms commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?
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Which treatment is NOT appropriate for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
Which treatment is NOT appropriate for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
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Which of the following is a secondary complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
Which of the following is a secondary complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
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What is a characteristic symptom of typical bacterial pneumonia?
What is a characteristic symptom of typical bacterial pneumonia?
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Which of the following measures is effective for preventing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
Which of the following measures is effective for preventing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum?
Which of the following diseases is caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum?
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What type of organism is Borrelia spp. classified as?
What type of organism is Borrelia spp. classified as?
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Which statement correctly describes the late lesions of Bejel?
Which statement correctly describes the late lesions of Bejel?
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What is the incubation period for Pinta caused by Treponema carateum?
What is the incubation period for Pinta caused by Treponema carateum?
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Which disease is NOT associated with Treponema pallidum?
Which disease is NOT associated with Treponema pallidum?
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What is a common characteristic of relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp.?
What is a common characteristic of relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp.?
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Which option correctly describes the transmission of Epidemic Relapsing Fever?
Which option correctly describes the transmission of Epidemic Relapsing Fever?
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What is the primary characteristic of the transmission of syphilis?
What is the primary characteristic of the transmission of syphilis?
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How does the immune response impact the progression of syphilis?
How does the immune response impact the progression of syphilis?
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What is the effect of syphilis on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in its late stages?
What is the effect of syphilis on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in its late stages?
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What occurs during primary syphilis?
What occurs during primary syphilis?
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How does syphilis persist in the host despite the immune response?
How does syphilis persist in the host despite the immune response?
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What is a characteristic symptom of icteric leptospirosis?
What is a characteristic symptom of icteric leptospirosis?
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Which of the following treatments is effective for icteric leptospirosis?
Which of the following treatments is effective for icteric leptospirosis?
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What is a primary virulence factor of M. pneumoniae?
What is a primary virulence factor of M. pneumoniae?
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Which of the following features distinguishes mycoplasmas from other bacteria?
Which of the following features distinguishes mycoplasmas from other bacteria?
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What typically occurs during the leptospiremia phase of icteric leptospirosis?
What typically occurs during the leptospiremia phase of icteric leptospirosis?
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Which statement correctly describes the incubation period for icteric leptospirosis?
Which statement correctly describes the incubation period for icteric leptospirosis?
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In which environments do Mycoplasmas typically grow?
In which environments do Mycoplasmas typically grow?
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What is a common complication of icteric leptospirosis?
What is a common complication of icteric leptospirosis?
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What is a significant challenge in observing Treponema under light microscopy?
What is a significant challenge in observing Treponema under light microscopy?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of hyaluronidase in T. pallidum?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of hyaluronidase in T. pallidum?
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What is primarily responsible for the tissue damage seen in infections caused by T. pallidum?
What is primarily responsible for the tissue damage seen in infections caused by T. pallidum?
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Which family does the genus Borrelia belong to?
Which family does the genus Borrelia belong to?
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What role do outer membrane proteins play in the virulence of T. pallidum?
What role do outer membrane proteins play in the virulence of T. pallidum?
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What is the primary mechanism causing tissue destruction in syphilis?
What is the primary mechanism causing tissue destruction in syphilis?
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At what stage of syphilis is the host typically non-infectious?
At what stage of syphilis is the host typically non-infectious?
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What characterizes the immune response during late-stage syphilis?
What characterizes the immune response during late-stage syphilis?
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What is the approximate chance of acquiring syphilis after a single exposure to an infected partner?
What is the approximate chance of acquiring syphilis after a single exposure to an infected partner?
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Why can Treponema pallidum persist in the host for decades?
Why can Treponema pallidum persist in the host for decades?
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What unique characteristic is associated with the initial stage of Lyme disease?
What unique characteristic is associated with the initial stage of Lyme disease?
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Which class of antibiotics is appropriate for treating Lyme disease?
Which class of antibiotics is appropriate for treating Lyme disease?
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What is a significant risk factor for contracting leptospirosis?
What is a significant risk factor for contracting leptospirosis?
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What was primarily responsible for the tissue destruction caused by Leptospira interrogans?
What was primarily responsible for the tissue destruction caused by Leptospira interrogans?
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Which of the following stages is most likely to include neurological or cardiac involvement in Lyme disease?
Which of the following stages is most likely to include neurological or cardiac involvement in Lyme disease?
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What is the hallmark lesion associated with primary syphilis?
What is the hallmark lesion associated with primary syphilis?
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Which of the following is true regarding secondary syphilis?
Which of the following is true regarding secondary syphilis?
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During which stage of syphilis does the host enter a latent period?
During which stage of syphilis does the host enter a latent period?
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What is a characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis?
What is a characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis?
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Which condition can result from congenital syphilis?
Which condition can result from congenital syphilis?
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What is the recommended duration of penicillin treatment for early stage syphilis?
What is the recommended duration of penicillin treatment for early stage syphilis?
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Which statement about late latent syphilis is correct?
Which statement about late latent syphilis is correct?
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What is an outcome associated with late neurosyphilis?
What is an outcome associated with late neurosyphilis?
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What is the primary cause of multi-organ failure in icteric leptospirosis?
What is the primary cause of multi-organ failure in icteric leptospirosis?
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Which stage follows leptospiremia during the progression of icteric leptospirosis?
Which stage follows leptospiremia during the progression of icteric leptospirosis?
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Which antibiotic is effective against Mycoplasma species?
Which antibiotic is effective against Mycoplasma species?
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What key characteristic differentiates Mycoplasmataceae from other bacterial families?
What key characteristic differentiates Mycoplasmataceae from other bacterial families?
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What symptom is characteristic of the acute febrile phase in icteric leptospirosis?
What symptom is characteristic of the acute febrile phase in icteric leptospirosis?
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What is the role of P1 pili in Mycoplasma pneumoniae's virulence?
What is the role of P1 pili in Mycoplasma pneumoniae's virulence?
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What is the typical incubation period for icteric leptospirosis?
What is the typical incubation period for icteric leptospirosis?
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Which Mycoplasma species is classified as a strict aerobe?
Which Mycoplasma species is classified as a strict aerobe?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum?
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Which of the following is a characteristic associated with Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue?
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue?
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What type of lesions are primarily seen in Pinta caused by Treponema carateum?
What type of lesions are primarily seen in Pinta caused by Treponema carateum?
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Which statement describes the acute infection phase of relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp.?
Which statement describes the acute infection phase of relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp.?
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What is a key feature of Lyme borreliosis epidemiology?
What is a key feature of Lyme borreliosis epidemiology?
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What distinguishes Tick-borne Relapsing Fever from Louse-borne Relapsing Fever?
What distinguishes Tick-borne Relapsing Fever from Louse-borne Relapsing Fever?
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Which of the following accurately represents the late lesions associated with Bejel caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum?
Which of the following accurately represents the late lesions associated with Bejel caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum?
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What characteristic of Borrelia spp. is primarily responsible for the persistent nature of relapsing fever?
What characteristic of Borrelia spp. is primarily responsible for the persistent nature of relapsing fever?
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Study Notes
Spirochaetes
- Gram-negative bacteria, shaped like a "coiled hair"
- Extremely thin and vary in length
- Motile due to periplasmic flagella (axial fibrils/endoflagella)
- Found within the periplasmic space
- Too thin to be visualized via light microscopy. Requires darkfield microscopy for observation
- Stained using anti-treponemal antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes.
- Intracellular pathogens
- Three periplasmic flagella present at each end.
- Do not survive well outside the host and cannot be grown in cell-free cultures in vitro.
Taxonomy
- Order: Spirochaetales
- Families: Spirochaetaceae, Leptospiraceae
- Treponema genus includes: T. pallidum,T. pallidum subspecies endemicum,T. pallidum subspecies pertenue, T. carateum
- Borrelia genus includes Borrelia spp.
- Leptospira genus includes Leptospira spp.
Treponema and Human Disease
-
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Syphilis):
- Disease transmitted via sexual contact or from mother to fetus
- Not highly contagious (~30% chance of acquiring disease after a single exposure).
- Long incubation period (non-infectious during this time)
- Tissue destruction/lesions primarily due to host's immune response
- Infection is neither fully controlled nor eradicated
- Early stages inhibit cell-mediated immunity (CMI); late stages, lesions localize
- Hosts have widespread immune suppression initially, but late stages exhibit more localized immune response activity.
-
Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum causes Syphilis
- Transmitted through direct sexual contact or from mother to fetus.
- Not highly contagious (~30 % chance of acquiring disease)
- Infection period dependent on stage of disease.
- Host is non-infectious during the long incubation period.
Treponema pallidum subsp. Endemicum
- Causes Bejel (endemic syphilis)
- Not sexually transmitted.
Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue
- Causes Yaws
- Transmitted through direct contact with lesions containing large numbers of spirochetes
- Affects mostly primitive, tropical regions (Southeast Asia, Africa, and South Pacific)
Treponema carateum
- Causes Pinta
- Transmitted via direct contact with skin lesions
- Restricted to primitive tropical regions (Mexico, Central, and South America)
Borrelia spp.
- Gram-negative spirochetes
- Diagnosis often involves Giemsa stain or phase contrast microscopy to visualize the organisms
- Antigenic shifts and immune responses play critical roles in the disease process
Relapsing fever
- Associated with poverty, crowding, and warfare
- Arthropod vectors transmit disease
- Louse-borne borreliosis = Epidemic Relapsing Fever (transmitted between humans via body lice)
- Tick-borne borreliosis = Endemic Relapsing Fever (transmitted by ticks from small mammals)
- Acute infection with 2–14 day incubation period. Followed by recurring febrile episodes.
Lyme disease
- Transmitted via hard-body ticks (Ixodes spp.)
- Symptoms include: skin lesions, neurological or cardiac issues, widespread non-destructive yet painful arthritis (affecting joints)
- Identified as a syndrome in 1975 in Lyme, Connecticut.
- White-footed deer mice, and other rodents, deer, pets, and hard-shelled ticks are common reservoirs for disease.
Leptospira
- Gram-negative spirochetes, often appearing as a question mark
- Characterized by having two periplasmic flagella
- Disease transmission occurs primarily through contact with urine/contaminated substances.
- Characterized by an acute febrile jaundice and glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys).
- Incubation period is typically 10-12 days, with flu-like illness commonly progressing through two clinical stages.
Mycoplasmas
- Smallest bacteria (0.1–0.3 µm)
- Often grow slowly, requiring sterols and glucose
- Lack a cell wall
- Primarily diagnosed based on the presence of extremely small, fried-egg-like colonies
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Causes atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia) characterized by flu-like symptoms, persistent, non-productive cough, and low-grade fever, headache, and malaise.
- Transmitted through close contact.
- Treatment options include tetracycline, erythromycin, or newer fluoroquinolones.
- No vaccine available.
Other Mycoplasmataceae
- Other Mycoplasmataceae species (e.g., Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum) cause similar diseases affecting different organ systems.
- These infections can cause conditions such as non-gonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pyelonephritis, postpartum fever, and systemic infections (in immunocompromised hosts). They can also cause spontaneous abortion or premature births.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of Spirochaetes, a group of Gram-negative bacteria characterized by their unique coiled shape and motility. This quiz covers their taxonomy, key species like Treponema and Borrelia, and the diseases they cause in humans, including syphilis. Test your knowledge on their biology and impact on health.