Explore the World of Spirochaetes

<p>Highly motile Spirochaetas with irregular loose coils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With Giemsa stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B. hermsii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Febrile, septicemic disease with several relapses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms appear after fever lasting for 3 to 5 days, followed by afebrile period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidemic relapsing fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly enriched media containing serum &amp; tissue extract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microaerophilic, slowly growing Spirochaetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some are Gram negative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Febrile influenza-like illness due to blood invasion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact with contaminated water, small skin abrasions, and consumption of contaminated food or drink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leptospira interrogans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spreading circular red lesion with clear center (erythema migrans) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serological diagnosis by ELISA confirmed by Western blot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tick bites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can be grown on serum-containing media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rodents, dogs, swine, and cattle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can be seen by dark-field microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arthritis, CNS, and cardiac dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can be grown on serum-containing media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysfunction of liver (jaundice), kidney (uraemia), and CNS (aseptic meningitis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Puerperal sepsis is caused by pyogenic bacteria such as streptococcus hemolyticus or E coli. Grossly, the uterus appears large (subinvoluted), soft with shreddy (purulent) yellowish endometrium, and the myometrium shows septic thrombi in the veins (septic thrombophlebitis) &amp; may show multiple abscesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute endometritis may be due to bacterial infections that arise after delivery or miscarriage (puerperal sepsis) and sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydial or gonococcal infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopically, septic endometritis shows inflammation rich in neutrophils, pus cells, and necrosis. Complications of septic endometritis include severe toxemia and septicemia, septic thrombophlebitis causing pyemia, and the spread of infection to the parametrium and tubes causing parametritis and salpingitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria reach the endometrium mainly through ascending infection from contaminated instruments or gloves, or less commonly spread from other organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in a location outside the inner lining of the uterus. It frequently involves pelvic structures (Douglas pouch, uterine ligaments, and fallopian tubes), ovaries, peritoneal cavity, periumbilical tissue, and rarely lymph nodes, lungs, or bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theories used to explain endometriosis include the regurgitation theory, the metaplastic theory (more accepted), and the lymphatic or vascular dissemination theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gross features include red brown foci or nodules in pelvic structures, blood-filled cysts (chocolate cysts) in the ovaries, and fibrosis and adhesions around the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Microscopic features include the presence of endometrial glands, endometrial stroma, or hemosiderin pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications include painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) due to intrapelvic bleeding, pain on defecation or painful intercourse (dyspareunia), and adhesions around the tubes causing infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenomyosis is the down growth of endometrium and its entrapment deep within the myometrium. Gross features include an enlarged uterus with thick myometrium showing trabeculations and haemorrhagic foci. Microscopic features include foci of endometrial glands and stroma with hemorrhage or may be endometrial stroma only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications include menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic endometritis occurs in association with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Its diagnosis is confirmed by the identification of plasma cells in the stroma, which are not seen in normal endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic tuberculous endometritis is caused by the infection of the endometrium, either from miliary spread or from drainage of tuberculous salpingitis. It may present as abnormal bleeding, pain, discharge, and most importantly, infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers