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What is the approximate number of congenital syphilis cases per year?
Where is Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum primarily found?
What is the estimated number of cases of yaws per year?
What is the primary difference between venereal and non-venereal treponemal diseases?
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What is the name of the syndrome characterized by disfiguring infiltration of the nose, glabella, and forehead?
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What is the term for the period of asymptomatic latency in syphilis?
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What is the term for the skin and flesh lesions that occur in secondary syphilis?
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Why is it challenging to study Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum?
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What was the original projected duration of the Tuskegee study?
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How many new cases of syphilis occur worldwide each year?
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What is the origin of the name 'Spirochaetales'?
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What is the sub-species of Treponema pallidum responsible for syphilis?
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Which of the following spirochaetes is known for being unculturable using artificial media?
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Why did the men in the Tuskegee study receive free medical exams and meals?
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What is the function of the periplasmic flagella in spirochaetes?
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How many men with syphilis participated in the Tuskegee study?
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What is the average annual rate of new syphilis cases worldwide?
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What is the characteristic of the spirochaete cell wall?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for syphilis?
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Which of the following genera of spirochaetes has been successfully grown on liquid media?
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What is the number of congenital syphilis cases that occur worldwide each year?
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What is the geographic region where Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is primarily found?
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What is the significance of the GC content in bacterial phylogeny?
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What is the meaning of the Greek word 'trypanon'?
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What is the approximate number of cases of YAWS reported annually?
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What is the name of the tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex?
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In which region is BEJEL commonly found?
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What is the minimum time a tick must feed to transmit Lyme disease?
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What is the name of the rash that appears in 70-80% of Lyme disease patients?
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What is the approximate number of cases of Lyme disease reported annually in the USA?
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What is the name of the bacterium that causes Leptospirosis?
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What is the approximate number of deaths caused by Leptospirosis annually?
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What is the mortality rate for Icteric leptospirosis/Weil's Disease?
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Which antibiotic is NOT used to treat Lyme disease?
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What is the treatment for mild cases of Weil's Disease?
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What is the primary cause of mortality in Icteric leptospirosis/Weil's Disease?
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What is the duration of persistent symptoms in some Lyme disease patients?
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What is the treatment for severe cases of Weil's Disease?
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All species of Spirochaetales have the same number of periplasmic flagella.
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Bruquellia is a genus of Spirochaetales that can be cultured using artificial media.
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Spirochaetales are Gram-positive bacteria.
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Leptospirosis is a tick-borne disease.
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GC content is not a significant factor in bacterial phylogeny.
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The periplasmic flagella of Spirochaetales are used for structural support.
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Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is responsible for yaws.
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The term 'Spirochaetales' comes from the Greek words for 'coil' and 'bacteria'.
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The approximate number of YAWS cases per year is around 100,000.
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BEJEL is commonly found in Eastern Mediterranean and South Africa.
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Lyme disease is transmitted by Ixodus ticks and affects mostly farmers and gamekeepers.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is responsible for yaws
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The tick must feed for at least 48 hours to transmit Lyme disease.
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The Tuskegee study was originally projected to last for 40 years
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Erythema migrans, also known as a bull's eye rash, occurs in 50% of Lyme disease patients.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is primarily found in Mexico and Central America
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Leptospira species can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
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The men in the Tuskegee study received free medical exams and meals because they were informed of the risks of the study
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Syphilis can be spread through toilet seats, swimming pools, and hot tubs
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Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum is responsible for YAWS.
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There are approximately 250,000 reported cases of Lyme disease in the USA each year.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum has a limited geographic distribution
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Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is responsible for approximately $600,000$ cases of congenital syphilis per year.
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Yaws is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $1,000,000$ people per year.
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The Tuskegee study involved only 200 men with syphilis
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is responsible for a few hundred cases of disease each year
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Bejel is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $100,000$ people per year in Africa.
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Syphilis is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects the skin and flesh.
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Pinta is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $1,000,000$ people per year in Mexico and Central and South America.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum can be cultivated in artificial media.
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Latency is a period of asymptomatic infection in syphilis that lasts for approximately $10$ years.
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Gumma is a characteristic of primary syphilis.
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Weil's Disease is a type of mild virus-like syndrome with aseptic meningitis.
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All cases of leptospirosis require antibiotic treatment.
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Lyme disease is typically treated with IM penicillin injections for 2-4 weeks.
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Icteric leptospirosis is a mild form of leptospirosis with a mortality rate of less than 1%.
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Doxycycline is not used to treat leptospirosis.
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Patients with mild leptospirosis require intensive care unit admission.
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Study Notes
Spirochaetales: Characteristics
- Spirochaetales are characterized by a Gram-negative cell wall and periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) that allow motility through highly viscous media.
- They have differing numbers of periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) according to genus and species.
- Treponemes are not culturable using artificial media, while Borrelia and Leptospira spp. have been grown on complex media.
Spirochaetales: Phylogeny
- There are four clinically important genera: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira.
- Spirochaetales are divided into four genera based on their phylogenetic relationships.
Treponema Species
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, with a worldwide distribution and 7.1 new cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum causes pinta, found in Mexico and Central and South America, with a few hundred cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pertenue causes yaws, found in Africa, Asia, and the Western Pacific, with 80,000-90,000 cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species endemicum causes bejel, found in the Eastern Mediterranean and West Africa, with 100,000 cases per year.
Syphilis
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum.
- The bacterium is fragile and cannot survive outside of the host, making it difficult to study.
- Transmission occurs through sexual contact, with rare cases of skin-to-skin contact and mother-to-child transmission.
- The disease has a latency period, where the organisms persist in the body but are asymptomatic.
- Syphilis can progress to late tertiary syphilis, with cardiovascular and neuro syphilis, if left untreated.
Lyme Disease/Borreliosis
- Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, transmitted through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick.
- The disease has three stages: acute, localized disease at the site of inoculation; subacute, disseminated disease; and latent period with arthritis and neurological impairment.
- The disease is found in Europe and North America, with occupational and recreational risk groups.
Leptospira Species
- Leptospira interrogans is the most common zoonotic infection in the world, with 1 million cases and 60,000 deaths per year.
- The bacterium is easily transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water.
- The disease can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a more severe Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
Treatment of Spirochaete Disease
- Treponemal diseases respond well to penicillin.
- Lyme disease is treated with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime for 2-4 weeks.
- Weil's disease is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ampicillin, and may require intensive care unit admission.
Spirochaetales: Characteristics
- Spirochaetales are characterized by a Gram-negative cell wall and periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) that allow motility through highly viscous media.
- They have differing numbers of periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) according to genus and species.
- Treponemes are not culturable using artificial media, while Borrelia and Leptospira spp. have been grown on complex media.
Spirochaetales: Phylogeny
- There are four clinically important genera: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira.
- Spirochaetales are divided into four genera based on their phylogenetic relationships.
Treponema Species
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, with a worldwide distribution and 7.1 new cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum causes pinta, found in Mexico and Central and South America, with a few hundred cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pertenue causes yaws, found in Africa, Asia, and the Western Pacific, with 80,000-90,000 cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species endemicum causes bejel, found in the Eastern Mediterranean and West Africa, with 100,000 cases per year.
Syphilis
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum.
- The bacterium is fragile and cannot survive outside of the host, making it difficult to study.
- Transmission occurs through sexual contact, with rare cases of skin-to-skin contact and mother-to-child transmission.
- The disease has a latency period, where the organisms persist in the body but are asymptomatic.
- Syphilis can progress to late tertiary syphilis, with cardiovascular and neuro syphilis, if left untreated.
Lyme Disease/Borreliosis
- Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, transmitted through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick.
- The disease has three stages: acute, localized disease at the site of inoculation; subacute, disseminated disease; and latent period with arthritis and neurological impairment.
- The disease is found in Europe and North America, with occupational and recreational risk groups.
Leptospira Species
- Leptospira interrogans is the most common zoonotic infection in the world, with 1 million cases and 60,000 deaths per year.
- The bacterium is easily transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water.
- The disease can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a more severe Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
Treatment of Spirochaete Disease
- Treponemal diseases respond well to penicillin.
- Lyme disease is treated with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime for 2-4 weeks.
- Weil's disease is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ampicillin, and may require intensive care unit admission.
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Description
Explore the unique characteristics of spirochaetes, including Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira, and learn about the diseases they cause, such as syphilis and leptospirosis.
