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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate number of congenital syphilis cases per year?
What is the approximate number of congenital syphilis cases per year?
Where is Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum primarily found?
Where is Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum primarily found?
What is the estimated number of cases of yaws per year?
What is the estimated number of cases of yaws per year?
What is the primary difference between venereal and non-venereal treponemal diseases?
What is the primary difference between venereal and non-venereal treponemal diseases?
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What is the name of the syndrome characterized by disfiguring infiltration of the nose, glabella, and forehead?
What is the name of the syndrome characterized by disfiguring infiltration of the nose, glabella, and forehead?
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What is the term for the period of asymptomatic latency in syphilis?
What is the term for the period of asymptomatic latency in syphilis?
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What is the term for the skin and flesh lesions that occur in secondary syphilis?
What is the term for the skin and flesh lesions that occur in secondary syphilis?
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Why is it challenging to study Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum?
Why is it challenging to study Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum?
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What was the original projected duration of the Tuskegee study?
What was the original projected duration of the Tuskegee study?
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How many new cases of syphilis occur worldwide each year?
How many new cases of syphilis occur worldwide each year?
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What is the origin of the name 'Spirochaetales'?
What is the origin of the name 'Spirochaetales'?
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What is the sub-species of Treponema pallidum responsible for syphilis?
What is the sub-species of Treponema pallidum responsible for syphilis?
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Which of the following spirochaetes is known for being unculturable using artificial media?
Which of the following spirochaetes is known for being unculturable using artificial media?
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Why did the men in the Tuskegee study receive free medical exams and meals?
Why did the men in the Tuskegee study receive free medical exams and meals?
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What is the function of the periplasmic flagella in spirochaetes?
What is the function of the periplasmic flagella in spirochaetes?
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How many men with syphilis participated in the Tuskegee study?
How many men with syphilis participated in the Tuskegee study?
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What is the average annual rate of new syphilis cases worldwide?
What is the average annual rate of new syphilis cases worldwide?
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What is the characteristic of the spirochaete cell wall?
What is the characteristic of the spirochaete cell wall?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for syphilis?
What is the primary mode of transmission for syphilis?
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Which of the following genera of spirochaetes has been successfully grown on liquid media?
Which of the following genera of spirochaetes has been successfully grown on liquid media?
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What is the number of congenital syphilis cases that occur worldwide each year?
What is the number of congenital syphilis cases that occur worldwide each year?
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What is the geographic region where Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is primarily found?
What is the geographic region where Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is primarily found?
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What is the significance of the GC content in bacterial phylogeny?
What is the significance of the GC content in bacterial phylogeny?
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What is the meaning of the Greek word 'trypanon'?
What is the meaning of the Greek word 'trypanon'?
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What is the approximate number of cases of YAWS reported annually?
What is the approximate number of cases of YAWS reported annually?
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What is the name of the tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex?
What is the name of the tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex?
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In which region is BEJEL commonly found?
In which region is BEJEL commonly found?
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What is the minimum time a tick must feed to transmit Lyme disease?
What is the minimum time a tick must feed to transmit Lyme disease?
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What is the name of the rash that appears in 70-80% of Lyme disease patients?
What is the name of the rash that appears in 70-80% of Lyme disease patients?
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What is the approximate number of cases of Lyme disease reported annually in the USA?
What is the approximate number of cases of Lyme disease reported annually in the USA?
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What is the name of the bacterium that causes Leptospirosis?
What is the name of the bacterium that causes Leptospirosis?
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What is the approximate number of deaths caused by Leptospirosis annually?
What is the approximate number of deaths caused by Leptospirosis annually?
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What is the mortality rate for Icteric leptospirosis/Weil's Disease?
What is the mortality rate for Icteric leptospirosis/Weil's Disease?
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Which antibiotic is NOT used to treat Lyme disease?
Which antibiotic is NOT used to treat Lyme disease?
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What is the treatment for mild cases of Weil's Disease?
What is the treatment for mild cases of Weil's Disease?
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What is the primary cause of mortality in Icteric leptospirosis/Weil's Disease?
What is the primary cause of mortality in Icteric leptospirosis/Weil's Disease?
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What is the duration of persistent symptoms in some Lyme disease patients?
What is the duration of persistent symptoms in some Lyme disease patients?
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What is the treatment for severe cases of Weil's Disease?
What is the treatment for severe cases of Weil's Disease?
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All species of Spirochaetales have the same number of periplasmic flagella.
All species of Spirochaetales have the same number of periplasmic flagella.
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Bruquellia is a genus of Spirochaetales that can be cultured using artificial media.
Bruquellia is a genus of Spirochaetales that can be cultured using artificial media.
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Spirochaetales are Gram-positive bacteria.
Spirochaetales are Gram-positive bacteria.
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Leptospirosis is a tick-borne disease.
Leptospirosis is a tick-borne disease.
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GC content is not a significant factor in bacterial phylogeny.
GC content is not a significant factor in bacterial phylogeny.
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The periplasmic flagella of Spirochaetales are used for structural support.
The periplasmic flagella of Spirochaetales are used for structural support.
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Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is responsible for yaws.
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is responsible for yaws.
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The term 'Spirochaetales' comes from the Greek words for 'coil' and 'bacteria'.
The term 'Spirochaetales' comes from the Greek words for 'coil' and 'bacteria'.
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The approximate number of YAWS cases per year is around 100,000.
The approximate number of YAWS cases per year is around 100,000.
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BEJEL is commonly found in Eastern Mediterranean and South Africa.
BEJEL is commonly found in Eastern Mediterranean and South Africa.
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Lyme disease is transmitted by Ixodus ticks and affects mostly farmers and gamekeepers.
Lyme disease is transmitted by Ixodus ticks and affects mostly farmers and gamekeepers.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is responsible for yaws
Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is responsible for yaws
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The tick must feed for at least 48 hours to transmit Lyme disease.
The tick must feed for at least 48 hours to transmit Lyme disease.
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The Tuskegee study was originally projected to last for 40 years
The Tuskegee study was originally projected to last for 40 years
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Erythema migrans, also known as a bull's eye rash, occurs in 50% of Lyme disease patients.
Erythema migrans, also known as a bull's eye rash, occurs in 50% of Lyme disease patients.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is primarily found in Mexico and Central America
Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is primarily found in Mexico and Central America
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Leptospira species can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
Leptospira species can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
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The men in the Tuskegee study received free medical exams and meals because they were informed of the risks of the study
The men in the Tuskegee study received free medical exams and meals because they were informed of the risks of the study
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Syphilis can be spread through toilet seats, swimming pools, and hot tubs
Syphilis can be spread through toilet seats, swimming pools, and hot tubs
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Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum is responsible for YAWS.
Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum is responsible for YAWS.
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There are approximately 250,000 reported cases of Lyme disease in the USA each year.
There are approximately 250,000 reported cases of Lyme disease in the USA each year.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum has a limited geographic distribution
Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum has a limited geographic distribution
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Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is responsible for approximately $600,000$ cases of congenital syphilis per year.
Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum is responsible for approximately $600,000$ cases of congenital syphilis per year.
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Yaws is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $1,000,000$ people per year.
Yaws is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $1,000,000$ people per year.
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The Tuskegee study involved only 200 men with syphilis
The Tuskegee study involved only 200 men with syphilis
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is responsible for a few hundred cases of disease each year
Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is responsible for a few hundred cases of disease each year
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Bejel is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $100,000$ people per year in Africa.
Bejel is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $100,000$ people per year in Africa.
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Syphilis is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects the skin and flesh.
Syphilis is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects the skin and flesh.
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Pinta is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $1,000,000$ people per year in Mexico and Central and South America.
Pinta is a non-venereal treponemal disease that affects approximately $1,000,000$ people per year in Mexico and Central and South America.
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Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum can be cultivated in artificial media.
Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum can be cultivated in artificial media.
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Latency is a period of asymptomatic infection in syphilis that lasts for approximately $10$ years.
Latency is a period of asymptomatic infection in syphilis that lasts for approximately $10$ years.
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Gumma is a characteristic of primary syphilis.
Gumma is a characteristic of primary syphilis.
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Weil's Disease is a type of mild virus-like syndrome with aseptic meningitis.
Weil's Disease is a type of mild virus-like syndrome with aseptic meningitis.
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All cases of leptospirosis require antibiotic treatment.
All cases of leptospirosis require antibiotic treatment.
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Lyme disease is typically treated with IM penicillin injections for 2-4 weeks.
Lyme disease is typically treated with IM penicillin injections for 2-4 weeks.
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Icteric leptospirosis is a mild form of leptospirosis with a mortality rate of less than 1%.
Icteric leptospirosis is a mild form of leptospirosis with a mortality rate of less than 1%.
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Doxycycline is not used to treat leptospirosis.
Doxycycline is not used to treat leptospirosis.
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Patients with mild leptospirosis require intensive care unit admission.
Patients with mild leptospirosis require intensive care unit admission.
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Study Notes
Spirochaetales: Characteristics
- Spirochaetales are characterized by a Gram-negative cell wall and periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) that allow motility through highly viscous media.
- They have differing numbers of periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) according to genus and species.
- Treponemes are not culturable using artificial media, while Borrelia and Leptospira spp. have been grown on complex media.
Spirochaetales: Phylogeny
- There are four clinically important genera: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira.
- Spirochaetales are divided into four genera based on their phylogenetic relationships.
Treponema Species
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, with a worldwide distribution and 7.1 new cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum causes pinta, found in Mexico and Central and South America, with a few hundred cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pertenue causes yaws, found in Africa, Asia, and the Western Pacific, with 80,000-90,000 cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species endemicum causes bejel, found in the Eastern Mediterranean and West Africa, with 100,000 cases per year.
Syphilis
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum.
- The bacterium is fragile and cannot survive outside of the host, making it difficult to study.
- Transmission occurs through sexual contact, with rare cases of skin-to-skin contact and mother-to-child transmission.
- The disease has a latency period, where the organisms persist in the body but are asymptomatic.
- Syphilis can progress to late tertiary syphilis, with cardiovascular and neuro syphilis, if left untreated.
Lyme Disease/Borreliosis
- Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, transmitted through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick.
- The disease has three stages: acute, localized disease at the site of inoculation; subacute, disseminated disease; and latent period with arthritis and neurological impairment.
- The disease is found in Europe and North America, with occupational and recreational risk groups.
Leptospira Species
- Leptospira interrogans is the most common zoonotic infection in the world, with 1 million cases and 60,000 deaths per year.
- The bacterium is easily transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water.
- The disease can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a more severe Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
Treatment of Spirochaete Disease
- Treponemal diseases respond well to penicillin.
- Lyme disease is treated with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime for 2-4 weeks.
- Weil's disease is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ampicillin, and may require intensive care unit admission.
Spirochaetales: Characteristics
- Spirochaetales are characterized by a Gram-negative cell wall and periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) that allow motility through highly viscous media.
- They have differing numbers of periplasmic flagella (endoflagella) according to genus and species.
- Treponemes are not culturable using artificial media, while Borrelia and Leptospira spp. have been grown on complex media.
Spirochaetales: Phylogeny
- There are four clinically important genera: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira.
- Spirochaetales are divided into four genera based on their phylogenetic relationships.
Treponema Species
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, with a worldwide distribution and 7.1 new cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species carateum causes pinta, found in Mexico and Central and South America, with a few hundred cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species pertenue causes yaws, found in Africa, Asia, and the Western Pacific, with 80,000-90,000 cases per year.
- Treponema pallidum sub-species endemicum causes bejel, found in the Eastern Mediterranean and West Africa, with 100,000 cases per year.
Syphilis
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum sub-species pallidum.
- The bacterium is fragile and cannot survive outside of the host, making it difficult to study.
- Transmission occurs through sexual contact, with rare cases of skin-to-skin contact and mother-to-child transmission.
- The disease has a latency period, where the organisms persist in the body but are asymptomatic.
- Syphilis can progress to late tertiary syphilis, with cardiovascular and neuro syphilis, if left untreated.
Lyme Disease/Borreliosis
- Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, transmitted through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick.
- The disease has three stages: acute, localized disease at the site of inoculation; subacute, disseminated disease; and latent period with arthritis and neurological impairment.
- The disease is found in Europe and North America, with occupational and recreational risk groups.
Leptospira Species
- Leptospira interrogans is the most common zoonotic infection in the world, with 1 million cases and 60,000 deaths per year.
- The bacterium is easily transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water.
- The disease can cause a self-limiting influenza-like illness or a more severe Weil's disease with multi-organ failure and death.
Treatment of Spirochaete Disease
- Treponemal diseases respond well to penicillin.
- Lyme disease is treated with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime for 2-4 weeks.
- Weil's disease is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ampicillin, and may require intensive care unit admission.
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Description
Explore the unique characteristics of spirochaetes, including Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira, and learn about the diseases they cause, such as syphilis and leptospirosis.
