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Questions and Answers
Which viral pathogens are commonly associated with respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following symptoms is typically observed in a patient with a viral respiratory tract infection?
Which symptoms can be managed with supportive care in viral respiratory infections?
Which antiviral medication is prescribed for the prevention of oral herpes simplex?
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When are antivirals determined to be appropriate for treating viral respiratory infections?
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Which symptom is most characteristic of parainfluenza infections in children?
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What is the primary viral family associated with parainfluenza?
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Which virus is primarily responsible for causing the common cold?
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Which of the following is true regarding the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
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What is the common route of transmission for adenovirus?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with respiratory tract viral infections?
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What type of virus is primarily responsible for causing severe respiratory issues in infants during fall and winter?
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Which symptom is most commonly seen with rhinovirus infection?
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Which treatment is specifically indicated for the management of Influenza infection?
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What is the mechanism of action for Oseltamivir?
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Which of the following viruses does not require yearly vaccination due to lack of significant genetic variation?
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Which supportive care treatment is used for infants at high risk for severe RSV disease?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with both Influenza and COVID-19?
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What significant mechanism allows the Influenza virus to escape immune detection?
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Which of the following is an enveloped virus that causes respiratory illness?
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Which vaccination is specifically designed to protect against severe respiratory infections caused by a specific strain of bacteria?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Common Viral Pathogens: Parainfluenza, RSV, Influenza, COVID-19
- Typical Presentation: Cough, Sneezing, Rhinorrhea, Sore Throat, Headache, Malaise, Fever
- Preventable Viral Pathogens: COVID-19, Influenza, RSV
- Treatable Viral Pathogens: Influenza, COVID-19, RSV, Herpes Simplex Virus (oral), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Infection
- Viral entry leads to inflammatory response with cytokine production
- Increased sputum production to aid in clearing foreign invasion
- Inflammation can decrease airway clearance and trap mucus
Supportive Care
- Treat symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications
Parainfluenza
- Family: Paramyxoviridae
- Affects larynx and trachea, sometimes bronchi
- Common in children (4-10 years)
- "Barking" cough, stridor
- Usually non-toxic appearing
- Symptomatic management
Adenovirus
- Family: Double-Stranded DNA viruses
- Numerous serotypes
- Most common in children
- Transmission: respiratory secretions, contaminated objects, airborne, waterborne
- Symptoms: common cold, fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, cough, exudative tonsilitis, GI symptoms
- Symptomatic management
Rhinovirus
- Most common cause of the common cold and asthma trigger
- Predominantly causes upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs)
- Symptoms: nasal dryness/irritation, sore throat, headache, cough, facial/ear pressure
- Symptomatic treatment
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Single-stranded RNA virus
- Leading cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants
- Seasonal: Fall and winter peaks
- Symptoms: URTI symptoms, can cause pneumonia and bronchiolitis
- Vaccination available for pregnant women, infants, and the elderly
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children
- Supportive care
- Glucocorticoids
- Bronchodilators
- Ribavirin (nucleoside analog, IV)
- IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin)
- Monoclonal antibodies (Palivizumab, Nirsevimab)
Influenza
- A and B are the most common subtypes in the US
- Symptoms: fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, malaise, sore throat, nausea, nasal congestion, headache
- High genetic diversity through antigenic drift and shift, requiring yearly vaccination
- Management: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Coronavirus with an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA
- Has developed the ability to infect the lower respiratory tract and cause pulmonary symptoms
- Like influenza, it has high genetic variation, requiring yearly vaccination
Viral Vaccination
- Available for:
- COVID-19
- Influenza
- RSV
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Shingles
- Monkeypox
- Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
- Hepatitis A & B
- HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
- Drug class: Antiviral Agent, Neuraminidase Inhibitor
- Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the activity of viral neuraminidase, preventing budding from the host cell, viral replication and infectivity.
- Indications: Treatment of influenza infection (>2 weeks old)
- Adverse Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain
- Contraindications: Severe hypersensitivity to oseltamivir or any component of the formulation
- Drug Interactions: Probenecid can increase oseltamivir levels.
- Patient Education: Take as directed, complete the full course of therapy, influenza vaccine is recommended, practice good hand hygiene and avoid contact with sick individuals.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of respiratory tract infections, including common viral pathogens like COVID-19 and their presentations. It discusses the pathophysiology of pulmonary infections and supportive care measures. Test your knowledge on viral pathogens and their treatment options.
