Respiratory Tract Infections Overview
21 Questions
1 Views

Respiratory Tract Infections Overview

Created by
@ErrFreePointillism

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which viral pathogens are commonly associated with respiratory tract infections?

  • Hepatitis A and B
  • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (correct)
  • Which of the following symptoms is typically observed in a patient with a viral respiratory tract infection?

  • Muscle weakness
  • Hemoptysis
  • High fever with chills
  • Increased sputum production (correct)
  • Which symptoms can be managed with supportive care in viral respiratory infections?

  • Hydration and rest (correct)
  • Intubation and ventilation
  • Antibiotics to treat bacterial superinfection
  • Monoclonal antibody therapy
  • Which antiviral medication is prescribed for the prevention of oral herpes simplex?

    <p>Valacyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are antivirals determined to be appropriate for treating viral respiratory infections?

    <p>In immunocompromised patients with severe symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most characteristic of parainfluenza infections in children?

    <p>Barking cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary viral family associated with parainfluenza?

    <p>Paramyxoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is primarily responsible for causing the common cold?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

    <p>It is the most common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common route of transmission for adenovirus?

    <p>Contact with contaminated objects, respiratory secretions, and airborne particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with respiratory tract viral infections?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is primarily responsible for causing severe respiratory issues in infants during fall and winter?

    <p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly seen with rhinovirus infection?

    <p>Facial/ear pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is specifically indicated for the management of Influenza infection?

    <p>Oseltamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Oseltamivir?

    <p>Inhibition of viral neuraminidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses does not require yearly vaccination due to lack of significant genetic variation?

    <p>Parainfluenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supportive care treatment is used for infants at high risk for severe RSV disease?

    <p>Nirsevimab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with both Influenza and COVID-19?

    <p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant mechanism allows the Influenza virus to escape immune detection?

    <p>Antigenic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an enveloped virus that causes respiratory illness?

    <p>MERS-CoV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccination is specifically designed to protect against severe respiratory infections caused by a specific strain of bacteria?

    <p>Hib vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Common Viral Pathogens: Parainfluenza, RSV, Influenza, COVID-19
    • Typical Presentation: Cough, Sneezing, Rhinorrhea, Sore Throat, Headache, Malaise, Fever
    • Preventable Viral Pathogens: COVID-19, Influenza, RSV
    • Treatable Viral Pathogens: Influenza, COVID-19, RSV, Herpes Simplex Virus (oral), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C

    Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Infection

    • Viral entry leads to inflammatory response with cytokine production
    • Increased sputum production to aid in clearing foreign invasion
    • Inflammation can decrease airway clearance and trap mucus

    Supportive Care

    • Treat symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications

    Parainfluenza

    • Family: Paramyxoviridae
    • Affects larynx and trachea, sometimes bronchi
    • Common in children (4-10 years)
    • "Barking" cough, stridor
    • Usually non-toxic appearing
    • Symptomatic management

    Adenovirus

    • Family: Double-Stranded DNA viruses
    • Numerous serotypes
    • Most common in children
    • Transmission: respiratory secretions, contaminated objects, airborne, waterborne
    • Symptoms: common cold, fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, cough, exudative tonsilitis, GI symptoms
    • Symptomatic management

    Rhinovirus

    • Most common cause of the common cold and asthma trigger
    • Predominantly causes upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs)
    • Symptoms: nasal dryness/irritation, sore throat, headache, cough, facial/ear pressure
    • Symptomatic treatment

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

    • Single-stranded RNA virus
    • Leading cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants
    • Seasonal: Fall and winter peaks
    • Symptoms: URTI symptoms, can cause pneumonia and bronchiolitis
    • Vaccination available for pregnant women, infants, and the elderly

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children

    • Supportive care
    • Glucocorticoids
    • Bronchodilators
    • Ribavirin (nucleoside analog, IV)
    • IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin)
    • Monoclonal antibodies (Palivizumab, Nirsevimab)

    Influenza

    • A and B are the most common subtypes in the US
    • Symptoms: fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, malaise, sore throat, nausea, nasal congestion, headache
    • High genetic diversity through antigenic drift and shift, requiring yearly vaccination
    • Management: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

    COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

    • Coronavirus with an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA
    • Has developed the ability to infect the lower respiratory tract and cause pulmonary symptoms
    • Like influenza, it has high genetic variation, requiring yearly vaccination

    Viral Vaccination

    • Available for:
      • COVID-19
      • Influenza
      • RSV
      • Varicella (Chickenpox)
      • Shingles
      • Monkeypox
      • Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
      • Hepatitis A & B
      • HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)

    Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

    • Drug class: Antiviral Agent, Neuraminidase Inhibitor
    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the activity of viral neuraminidase, preventing budding from the host cell, viral replication and infectivity.
    • Indications: Treatment of influenza infection (>2 weeks old)
    • Adverse Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain
    • Contraindications: Severe hypersensitivity to oseltamivir or any component of the formulation
    • Drug Interactions: Probenecid can increase oseltamivir levels.
    • Patient Education: Take as directed, complete the full course of therapy, influenza vaccine is recommended, practice good hand hygiene and avoid contact with sick individuals.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the key aspects of respiratory tract infections, including common viral pathogens like COVID-19 and their presentations. It discusses the pathophysiology of pulmonary infections and supportive care measures. Test your knowledge on viral pathogens and their treatment options.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser