Upper and Lower Respiratory Infections Quiz
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Upper and Lower Respiratory Infections Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the 5th leading cause of death in the US?

  • Pneumonia (correct)
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Heart Disease

    • Interstitial pneumonia primarily affects the alveolar septa.

    True

    What is the most common site for bronchopneumonia?

    Lower lobes

    Pneumonia involving primarily the alveoli is referred to as __________ pneumonia.

    <p>alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pneumonia types with their descriptions:

    <p>Alveolar pneumonia = Limited to alveoli, often secondary Interstitial pneumonia = Involves alveolar septa, often bilateral Bronchopneumonia = Colonizes bronchi and extends into alveoli Hypostatic pneumonia = Occurs when fluid is present in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchopneumonia may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can cause the retention of secretions in the lungs?

    <p>Immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral agents is commonly associated with upper respiratory infections?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial infections are the primary cause of most upper respiratory infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of upper respiratory infections?

    <p>Nasal congestion or sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Influenza typically peaks during the ______ season.

    <p>winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could predispose the respiratory mucosa to secondary bacterial infections?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes to their associated conditions:

    <p>Rhinovirus = Common cold Influenza = Tracheobronchitis Respiratory syncytial virus = Bronchiolitis Adenovirus = Severe inflammation of bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain in the ear, nose, or throat can be a symptom of lower respiratory infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of infection in bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a main disease in obstructive airway disease due to increased airway resistance?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma is a reversible, reactive airway disease that primarily affects adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers bronchospasm in asthma patients?

    <p>Allergens, infections, occupational exposure, drug-induced factors, exercise, cold air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often characterized by chronic limitation of ______.

    <p>air flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following obstructive airway disease characteristics to their corresponding diseases:

    <p>Asthma = Episodic narrowing of small airways Chronic Bronchitis = Daily cough with mucus production Emphysema = Diminished elastic recoil of the lungs Status Asthmaticus = Severe, acute bronchospasm poorly responsive to treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults are affected by asthma?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wheezing and dyspnea are symptoms commonly associated with asthma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when severe acute bronchospasm is poorly responsive to drug therapy?

    <p>Status asthmaticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between influenza and other respiratory infections mentioned?

    <p>Influenza is not the same pathogen as the influenza virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary infections typically occur within the first two days of hospitalization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of bacteria commonly associated with secondary infections.

    <p>Klebsiella and E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute inflammation of bronchi and alveoli may involve the presence of ______.

    <p>pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with their respective descriptions.

    <p>High fever = Abrupt onset of fever Chills = Feeling of coldness with shivering Dyspnea = Difficulty in breathing Productive cough = Cough with sputum production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physical exam findings is most indicative of bronchial obstruction?

    <p>Air hungry and distressed appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanical ventilation is typically used for all patients with bronchopneumonia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can occur due to pus accumulation in the pleural space?

    <p>Empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic lung disease from necrotizing pneumonia can lead to ______ lung.

    <p>honeycomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the study to its purpose in diagnosing respiratory conditions.

    <p>Chest X-ray = Localizes infection Sputum culture = Assess infectious agent Blood count = Detect leukocytosis ABG = Assess pulmonary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly observed in bacterial bronchopneumonias?

    <p>Productive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood culture can be used to identify bacteria in cases of bacteremia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might chronic infection from bronchiectasis cause?

    <p>Ongoing tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A collection of pus bordered by an inflammatory wall is called a ______.

    <p>abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lobar pneumonia in adults?

    <p>Pneumococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical pneumonia is characterized by inflammation in the alveolar spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two common organisms that cause atypical pneumonia.

    <p>Influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lobar pneumonia often affects those who are __________, poor, or alcoholics.

    <p>elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pneumonia types with their characteristics:

    <p>Lobar pneumonia = Inflammation in alveolar spaces Atypical pneumonia = Inflammation in alveolar septa Bacterial pneumonia = Rapid spread through alveoli Viral pneumonia = Associated with immunocompromised patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with atypical pneumonia?

    <p>High fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment for atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma?

    <p>Erythromycin family of medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumocystis carinii is often seen in healthy individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clinical picture of lobar pneumonia includes __________ bacteremia.

    <p>associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known as the cause of 'walking pneumonia'?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)

    • Most caused by viruses and commonly self-limited
    • Common Viral Agents: Rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus
    • Common Bacterial Agents: Streptococcus, Diphtheria
    • Seasonality: Influenza - winter, Rhinovirus - spring and fall
    • Focal changes in the respiratory mucosa: Predispose to secondary bacterial infection
      • Examples: otitis media, sinusitis
    • Transmission: Air-borne droplets
    • Mucosal changes: Edema, inflammatory cells, capillary congestion, ulceration
    • White exudates on mucosa: Usually indicate bacterial infection
      • Examples: Strep pharyngitis or diphtheria

    Lower Respiratory Infections (LRIs)

    • Bronchitis and bronchiolitis: Most commonly viral
    • Viral agents: Influenza can cause tracheobronchitis with epithelial necrosis, Respiratory syncytial virus can cause bronchiolitis in young children
    • Severe Inflammation: Adenoviral and measles infections can lead to scarring and obliteration of bronchioles

    Pneumonia

    • Fifth leading cause of death in the US
    • Alveolar pneumonia:
      • Limited to alveoli, usually secondary to fluid in alveoli
        • Hypostatic pneumonia: Occurs when fluid accumulates due to immobility or circulatory issues
      • Often bacterial
    • Interstitial pneumonia:
      • Involves alveolar septa, usually viral
      • Diffuse process, often bilateral
    • Bronchopneumonia: Organisms colonize bronchi and spread to alveoli
      • Bacterial causes: Normal upper respiratory flora, GI flora (through aspiration or blood), air-borne from infected individuals
      • Viral causes: Primary infection, reactivation of latent virus in immunosuppressed patients
      • Pathology: Inflammatory exudates fill alveoli, leading to consolidation (first lobules, then whole lobes)
      • Common in infancy and old age
        • Predisposed by debility and immobility
        • Dependent lung areas are most common sites
      • Two groups:
        • Primary/community-acquired: Usually gram-positive bacteria (streptococci, H. influenza, staphylococci)
        • Secondary/hospital-acquired (nosocomial): Occur after two days of hospitalization, usually gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas)
    • Lobar pneumonia: Organisms widely colonize alveolar spaces in a focal area of lung
      • Common in elderly, poor, alcoholics, those with inadequate healthcare
      • Common causes: Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Klebsiella
      • Organisms gain entrance to distal alveoli, rapid spread through alveoli and bronchioles
    • Atypical pneumonia: Inflammation in alveolar septa
      • Causes: Viruses (influenza, measles, varicella, cytomegalovirus), fungal infections (Pneumocystis carinii - AIDS patients, Candida - prolonged antibiotic use, neonates), Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae ("walking pneumonia")
      • X-ray pattern: Reticular appearance due to septal involvement

    Obstructive Airway Disease

    • COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves a chronic limitation of airflow.
    • Causes of airflow reduction:
      • Increased airway resistance: Narrowed airways (Asthma, chronic bronchitis)
      • Reduced outflow pressure: Diminished elastic recoil of lungs (Emphysema)
    • Asthma: Episodic narrowing of small airways, reversible, reactive airway disease
      • Triggers: Allergens, infections, occupational/environmental irritants, drugs, exercise, cold air
      • Complications: Severe asthma can lead to cor pulmonale, status asthmaticus, mechanical ventilation, death
    • Chronic bronchitis: Chronic inflammation of airways and excessive mucus production
      • Irreversible airway obstruction
        • Leads to lung damage over time
      • Causes: Smoking, environmental irritants, genetics
    • Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil in the lungs
      • Leads to air trapping and reduced airflow
      • Causes: Smoking, genetics, air pollution

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on upper and lower respiratory infections, including common viral and bacterial agents. This quiz covers symptoms, transmission, and complications related to URIs and LRIs. Perfect for students studying respiratory health and infections.

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