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What is the 5th leading cause of death in the US?
Interstitial pneumonia primarily affects the alveolar septa.
True
What is the most common site for bronchopneumonia?
Lower lobes
Pneumonia involving primarily the alveoli is referred to as __________ pneumonia.
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Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
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Match the pneumonia types with their descriptions:
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Bronchopneumonia may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
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What condition can cause the retention of secretions in the lungs?
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Which of the following viral agents is commonly associated with upper respiratory infections?
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Bacterial infections are the primary cause of most upper respiratory infections.
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What is a common symptom of upper respiratory infections?
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Influenza typically peaks during the ______ season.
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Which of the following conditions could predispose the respiratory mucosa to secondary bacterial infections?
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Match the following viral causes to their associated conditions:
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Pain in the ear, nose, or throat can be a symptom of lower respiratory infections.
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What is the primary cause of infection in bronchi and bronchioles?
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Which of the following is NOT a main disease in obstructive airway disease due to increased airway resistance?
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Asthma is a reversible, reactive airway disease that primarily affects adults.
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What triggers bronchospasm in asthma patients?
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often characterized by chronic limitation of ______.
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Match the following obstructive airway disease characteristics to their corresponding diseases:
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What percentage of adults are affected by asthma?
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Wheezing and dyspnea are symptoms commonly associated with asthma.
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What is the condition called when severe acute bronchospasm is poorly responsive to drug therapy?
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What is the primary difference between influenza and other respiratory infections mentioned?
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Secondary infections typically occur within the first two days of hospitalization.
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Name two types of bacteria commonly associated with secondary infections.
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Acute inflammation of bronchi and alveoli may involve the presence of ______.
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Match the symptoms with their respective descriptions.
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Which of the following physical exam findings is most indicative of bronchial obstruction?
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Mechanical ventilation is typically used for all patients with bronchopneumonia.
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What complication can occur due to pus accumulation in the pleural space?
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Chronic lung disease from necrotizing pneumonia can lead to ______ lung.
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Match the study to its purpose in diagnosing respiratory conditions.
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Which symptom is commonly observed in bacterial bronchopneumonias?
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Blood culture can be used to identify bacteria in cases of bacteremia.
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What might chronic infection from bronchiectasis cause?
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A collection of pus bordered by an inflammatory wall is called a ______.
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What is the primary cause of lobar pneumonia in adults?
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Atypical pneumonia is characterized by inflammation in the alveolar spaces.
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List two common organisms that cause atypical pneumonia.
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Lobar pneumonia often affects those who are __________, poor, or alcoholics.
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Match the following pneumonia types with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with atypical pneumonia?
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What is the common treatment for atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma?
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Pneumocystis carinii is often seen in healthy individuals.
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The clinical picture of lobar pneumonia includes __________ bacteremia.
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Which organism is known as the cause of 'walking pneumonia'?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)
- Most caused by viruses and commonly self-limited
- Common Viral Agents: Rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus
- Common Bacterial Agents: Streptococcus, Diphtheria
- Seasonality: Influenza - winter, Rhinovirus - spring and fall
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Focal changes in the respiratory mucosa: Predispose to secondary bacterial infection
- Examples: otitis media, sinusitis
- Transmission: Air-borne droplets
- Mucosal changes: Edema, inflammatory cells, capillary congestion, ulceration
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White exudates on mucosa: Usually indicate bacterial infection
- Examples: Strep pharyngitis or diphtheria
Lower Respiratory Infections (LRIs)
- Bronchitis and bronchiolitis: Most commonly viral
- Viral agents: Influenza can cause tracheobronchitis with epithelial necrosis, Respiratory syncytial virus can cause bronchiolitis in young children
- Severe Inflammation: Adenoviral and measles infections can lead to scarring and obliteration of bronchioles
Pneumonia
- Fifth leading cause of death in the US
-
Alveolar pneumonia:
- Limited to alveoli, usually secondary to fluid in alveoli
- Hypostatic pneumonia: Occurs when fluid accumulates due to immobility or circulatory issues
- Often bacterial
- Limited to alveoli, usually secondary to fluid in alveoli
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Interstitial pneumonia:
- Involves alveolar septa, usually viral
- Diffuse process, often bilateral
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Bronchopneumonia: Organisms colonize bronchi and spread to alveoli
- Bacterial causes: Normal upper respiratory flora, GI flora (through aspiration or blood), air-borne from infected individuals
- Viral causes: Primary infection, reactivation of latent virus in immunosuppressed patients
- Pathology: Inflammatory exudates fill alveoli, leading to consolidation (first lobules, then whole lobes)
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Common in infancy and old age
- Predisposed by debility and immobility
- Dependent lung areas are most common sites
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Two groups:
- Primary/community-acquired: Usually gram-positive bacteria (streptococci, H. influenza, staphylococci)
- Secondary/hospital-acquired (nosocomial): Occur after two days of hospitalization, usually gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas)
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Lobar pneumonia: Organisms widely colonize alveolar spaces in a focal area of lung
- Common in elderly, poor, alcoholics, those with inadequate healthcare
- Common causes: Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Klebsiella
- Organisms gain entrance to distal alveoli, rapid spread through alveoli and bronchioles
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Atypical pneumonia: Inflammation in alveolar septa
- Causes: Viruses (influenza, measles, varicella, cytomegalovirus), fungal infections (Pneumocystis carinii - AIDS patients, Candida - prolonged antibiotic use, neonates), Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae ("walking pneumonia")
- X-ray pattern: Reticular appearance due to septal involvement
Obstructive Airway Disease
- COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves a chronic limitation of airflow.
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Causes of airflow reduction:
- Increased airway resistance: Narrowed airways (Asthma, chronic bronchitis)
- Reduced outflow pressure: Diminished elastic recoil of lungs (Emphysema)
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Asthma: Episodic narrowing of small airways, reversible, reactive airway disease
- Triggers: Allergens, infections, occupational/environmental irritants, drugs, exercise, cold air
- Complications: Severe asthma can lead to cor pulmonale, status asthmaticus, mechanical ventilation, death
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Chronic bronchitis: Chronic inflammation of airways and excessive mucus production
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Irreversible airway obstruction
- Leads to lung damage over time
- Causes: Smoking, environmental irritants, genetics
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Irreversible airway obstruction
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Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil in the lungs
- Leads to air trapping and reduced airflow
- Causes: Smoking, genetics, air pollution
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Description
Test your knowledge on upper and lower respiratory infections, including common viral and bacterial agents. This quiz covers symptoms, transmission, and complications related to URIs and LRIs. Perfect for students studying respiratory health and infections.