Group Phys Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a symptom of dyspnea?

  • Breathlessness during sleep
  • Gasping for air
  • Pursed-lip breathing
  • Difficulty breathing (correct)

    • What can result from permanent stoppage of ventilation?

  • Respiratory arrest without medical intervention (correct)
  • Pursed-lip breathing
  • Sleep apnea
  • Exercising without proper breath control

    • During resting inspiration, which muscle is primarily responsible for lengthening the thoracic cavity?

  • Internal intercostals
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • Rectus abdominus

    • Which muscle is involved in expiration during physical activity?

    <p>Rectus abdominus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action describes the movement that expands the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

    <p>Elevation of ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thoracic volume change during inspiration?

    <p>It increases as the diaphragm contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do accessory respiratory muscles play during physical activity?

    <p>They provide additional support for inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a cause of dyspnea that is pathological?

    <p>Difficulty breathing due to cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to alveolar pressure during inhalation?

    <p>It decreases below atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that air rushes into the alveoli during inhalation?

    <p>Alveolar pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in intrapleural pressure during expiration?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately ends the process of inspiration?

    <p>Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does expiration primarily occur in relation to gas pressures?

    <p>Air moves from high alveolar pressure to low atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily facilitates the inhalation process?

    <p>External intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in thoracic volume have on intrapleural pressure during inhalation?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the somatic nervous system in relation to ventilation?

    <p>It controls skeletal muscle movements for voice and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Blood flow through the alveolar capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes hyperventilation?

    <p>Elevated ventilatory rate exceeding metabolic demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT directly involved in the transportation of gases in the body?

    <p>Rate of ventilation from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tidal volume' refer to?

    <p>Volume of air moved with each breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would you expect to see tachypnea?

    <p>Rapid breathing with decreased tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates the depth and rate of ventilation in the respiratory system?

    <p>CNS response to CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines eupnea?

    <p>Normal ventilatory rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperpnea during exercise?

    <p>It involves normal increase in rate and depth aligned with metabolic demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the dorsal respiratory group?

    <p>Controls inspiration with respiratory ramp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pneumotaxic center?

    <p>Shuts off the dorsal respiratory group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Phase 1 of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Increased right atrial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased external pressure on the coronary arteries affect the myocardium?

    <p>Reduces blood supply to the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased right atrial pressure during the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Increased heart rate to empty the atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sound is characterized by exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction?

    <p>Stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group assists in inspiration during heavy ventilation?

    <p>Ventral respiratory group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could be problematic during the initial phase of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Atherosclerosis in coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects the energy expenditure for ventilation during exercise as a percentage?

    <p>12-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do accessory inspiratory muscles play during ventilation?

    <p>They support greater force of diaphragm contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the external intercostals play in the respiration process?

    <p>Assist in diaphragm function for inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In populations with pulmonary disease, how does ventilation typically change?

    <p>Greater force production is needed to move air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of increased resting energy expenditure due to ventilation efforts in children?

    <p>Stunted growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from the chronic overuse of respiratory muscles in individuals?

    <p>Reduced respiratory muscle function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise intolerance manifest in individuals requiring increased respiratory muscle activation?

    <p>Existing respiratory muscles are in constant use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of resting energy expenditure is used for ventilation under normal conditions?

    <p>3-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the left ventricle when there is an increase in both stroke volume and afterload?

    <p>The left ventricle is working harder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could exacerbate problems due to increased afterload on the left ventricle?

    <p>Coronary artery blockages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does the Valsalva maneuver have during intense physical exertion?

    <p>Decreased filling of the vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Valsalva maneuver continues longer than 2-3 seconds, what is likely to happen to cardiac output?

    <p>It may decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do baroreceptors play in response to decreased cardiac output?

    <p>They increase sympathetic nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a critical risk associated with decreased cardiac output during prolonged Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Cardiac ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate effect of releasing the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Normalization of blood flow dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with previous heart disease, what could be a consequence of decreased cardiac output due to the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Fainting or syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the respiratory tract is the greatest resistance to airflow found?

    <p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to airway resistance during inspiration?

    <p>Airway resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle primarily affects bronchodilation?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of increased airway resistance due to muscle contraction?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors contribute to bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Acetylcholine and parasympathetic activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs during expiration that increases airway resistance?

    <p>Airway size decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blockages can contribute to increased airway resistance?

    <p>Mucus, tumors, foreign objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition is turbulence likely to occur in the airways?

    <p>High airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which bronchodilators function?

    <p>They activate β-adrenergic receptors to cause bronchodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of decreased lung compliance?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange due to inadequate lung inflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) at sea level?

    <p>160mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the relationship between atmospheric pressure and partial pressure?

    <p>Partial pressure is determined by atmospheric pressure multiplied by the fraction of the gas in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) when a patient receives supplemental oxygen?

    <p>FiO2 can increase to 100% if pure oxygen is inhaled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of decreased lung compliance?

    <p>Chronic inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased lung stiffness affect respiratory effort?

    <p>More ATP is required to inflate the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abbreviation refers to the fraction of oxygen in the air we breathe?

    <p>FiO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of oxygen transportation in the blood?

    <p>Bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of carbon dioxide transportation constitutes the largest percentage in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of pulse oximetry?

    <p>It shows the saturation percentage of hemoglobin only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood (PaO2) at sea level?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does skin pigmentation affect pulse oximeter readings?

    <p>It can interfere with readings, making them appear higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would most likely limit gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>Reduced gas concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During intense exercise, what percentage of carbon dioxide is typically bound to hemoglobin?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gas exchange, how does oxygen move between the alveoli and the blood?

    <p>Oxygen moves from alveolus to blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates an increase in ventilation according to blood gas levels?

    <p>High partial pressures of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries at rest?

    <p>45 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about pulse oximetry is accurate?

    <p>It indicates the percentage of hemoglobin saturation only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of emphysema regarding alveoli?

    <p>Alveoli merging together, reducing surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes an effect of carbon monoxide on pulse oximetry readings?

    <p>It can produce a normal reading despite reduced oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT assist in the movement of oxygen during gas exchange?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased blood flow to the lungs on gas exchange?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the PvO2 during exercise?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pulmonary blood flow during exercise?

    <p>It increases by more than four times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Blocked blood flow leading to reduced gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates anatomical dead space from physiological dead space?

    <p>Physiological dead space includes areas with incomplete perfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to decreased vascular resistance during physical activity?

    <p>Increased number of open capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of dead space affect respiration?

    <p>It makes it more challenging to expel alveolar gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a blockage in alveoli have on gas exchange?

    <p>It completely prevents gas exchange, regardless of airflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially result from the formation of scar tissue in the lungs?

    <p>Increased distance between alveoli and capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates the concept of ventilation-perfusion matching?

    <p>Alveoli adequately filled with air and blood flow present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intercellular communication involves a hormone released to affect neighboring cells?

    <p>Paracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the anterior pituitary respond to hormones released from the hypothalamus?

    <p>It releases tropic hormones that stimulate target glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily determines the biological effect of a hormone in the bloodstream?

    <p>The free hormone concentration in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of feedback from hormones released by target glands?

    <p>To inhibit tropic hormone release from the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is a non-specific carrier for various hormones in the bloodstream?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition could arise from improper liver function in hormone transport?

    <p>Decreased availability of protein carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does autocrine communication act on cells?

    <p>It influences the cell that secretes the hormone itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of tropic hormones on target glands?

    <p>Stimulate growth and activity of the gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of upregulation of hormone receptors in cells?

    <p>Increased number of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological consequence is associated with downregulation of insulin receptors in muscle cells due to sedentary behavior?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the posterior pituitary?

    <p>The hypothalamus produces ADH and oxytocin, which are released by the posterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of epinephrine's minimal protein binding in the bloodstream?

    <p>Rapid removal from the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aerobic exercise influence insulin receptors in muscle cells?

    <p>It increases the number of insulin receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to insulin binding in muscle cells due to a sedentary lifestyle?

    <p>Insulin binding decreases due to receptor downregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of increasing the number of insulin receptors in muscle cells?

    <p>Enhanced glucose uptake into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the likely consequence of continued high levels of epinephrine in the bloodstream?

    <p>Increased duration of stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does parathyroid hormone play in calcium homeostasis?

    <p>It increases osteoclast activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is classified as an amine hormone?

    <p>Thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormone requires cholesterol for its synthesis?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do steroid hormones interact with target cells?

    <p>By acting directly on the DNA in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aromatase in hormone balance?

    <p>To convert androgens to estrogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of peptide or protein hormone?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do aromatase inhibitor drugs have on estrogen levels?

    <p>They decrease estrogen production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands primarily produces mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition indicates primary endocrine dysfunction?

    <p>Autoimmune disease destroying the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from hyperfunction in an endocrine gland?

    <p>Excess hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a thyroid gland considered to have secondary dysfunction?

    <p>It produces insufficient thyroid hormone due to a pituitary issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can hypofunction be identified clinically?

    <p>Insufficient physiological response despite correct hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of downregulation of receptors in hypofunction?

    <p>Decreased sensitivity to hormone binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test can help determine if an endocrine disorder is primary or secondary?

    <p>ACTH stimulation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a hormone mutation affect its receptor interaction?

    <p>It may influence binding affinity to its receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cause the thyroid gland to exhibit hyperfunction?

    <p>Thyroid tumor producing excess hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secondary endocrine dysfunction, what is the typical role of the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Manipulates gland activity through hormone signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is classified as acquired?

    <p>Mutations developed due to environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does iodine deficiency affect hormone production?

    <p>It limits production of thyroid hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of receptor mutations leading to increased affinity?

    <p>Increased cellular responsiveness to binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a scenario linked to metabolic alterations in hormone action?

    <p>Skeletal muscle no longer responding effectively to insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can low plasma cortisol levels indicate in relation to adrenal function?

    <p>There is primary adrenal disease affecting cortisol production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best describes a benign tumor causing pathology?

    <p>A meningioma that does not invade nearby tissues but causes neurologic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of malignant neoplasia?

    <p>It invades nearby tissues and can metastasize to distant sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in plasma cortisol levels indicate after ACTH injection?

    <p>The adrenal cortex is functioning normally and producing cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neoplasms play in endocrine dysfunction?

    <p>They may secrete hormones causing physiological effects regardless of being benign or malignant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can benign tumors potentially harm the body?

    <p>They can compress surrounding tissues and disrupt normal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a potential effect of a functional tumor?

    <p>It may secrete hormones that actively contribute to pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of benign tumors in terms of their behavior?

    <p>They do not invade other tissues but can cause harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of downregulation of insulin receptors in muscle cells due to sedentary behavior?

    <p>Decreased blood glucose transport into skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aerobic exercise affect insulin receptor regulation in muscle cells?

    <p>It leads to upregulation, increasing receptivity to insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ADH play after being produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary?

    <p>It promotes water reabsorption in the kidney, affecting fluid balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the body post-exercise?

    <p>Heart rate returns to resting levels quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between upregulation of hormone receptors and the risk of Type II diabetes mellitus?

    <p>More receptors enhance insulin response, reducing diabetes risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily produced by the adrenal cortex's zona glomerulosa?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is NOT attributed to thyroid hormone?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily controlled by ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adrenal medulla mainly differ from the adrenal cortex in terms of control?

    <p>It is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucocorticoids produced in the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Manage glucose balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary action does parathyroid hormone have when released by the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Promotes calcium release from bone into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcitonin released by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Decreases calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin D metabolite is produced in the liver after vitamin D3 is formed?

    <p>25-hydroxyvitamin D3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calcitriol contribute to blood calcium levels?

    <p>It stimulates increased calcium absorption from the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does parathyroid hormone play in relation to vitamin D?

    <p>It indirectly increases dietary vitamin D absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to calcitriol production when blood calcium levels are low?

    <p>It is increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the calcium receptors mentioned?

    <p>They exist in multiple organs, including the parathyroid and thyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does limited sun exposure have on vitamin D levels?

    <p>It causes decreased production of vitamin D3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteoclast activity in relation to calcium levels?

    <p>It increases the breakdown of bone matrix, raising blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is derived from the amino acid tyrosine?

    <p>Thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines steroid hormones compared to other types of hormones?

    <p>They are lipid soluble and can penetrate plasma membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT produced by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aromatase inhibition in the body?

    <p>Decreases estrogen production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes peptide and protein hormones?

    <p>They are composed of short or long chains of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calcium homeostasis relate to endocrine hormones?

    <p>Hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis include both peptide and steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Control of glucose balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for controlling the mineral balance in the body?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an effect of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone's release is directly influenced by Angiotensin II?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily produced by the adrenal medulla and controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of upregulation of hormone receptors in muscle cells?

    <p>Increased physiological effects of the hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies downregulation of hormone receptors?

    <p>Sedentary behavior reduces insulin receptors in muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relationship between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary function in hormone regulation?

    <p>The hypothalamus synthesizes hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aerobic exercise have on insulin receptor regulation in muscle cells?

    <p>It upregulates the number of insulin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential impact of decreased insulin receptor activity in muscle cells due to inactivity?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose levels and increased diabetes risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option does NOT describe a physiological function of cortisol?

    <p>Increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of prolonged abnormally low cortisol levels?

    <p>Development of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health risk is associated with high cortisol levels over time?

    <p>Immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Alteration in body shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is primarily responsible for sensing low calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of low cortisol levels?

    <p>Increased glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to chronically high cortisol levels?

    <p>Risk of developing type II diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological effect does cortisol NOT have?

    <p>Stimulates protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes hyperfunction of an endocrine gland?

    <p>Overproduction of hormone from the gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition exemplifies primary endocrine dysfunction?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secondary endocrine dysfunction, what is the primary issue?

    <p>Dysfunctional signaling from the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios indicates hypofunction in an endocrine gland?

    <p>Thyroid unable to produce enough hormone despite normal stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method used to differentiate between primary and secondary endocrine disorders?

    <p>ACTH stimulation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response accurately describes a secondary endocrine disorder?

    <p>Underproduction of hormones because the signaling hormone from pituitary is insufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common result occurs when there is too much TSH from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Thyroid hyperfunction and overproduction of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Physiology

    • Four main components: ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and regulation of ventilation.

    Ventilation

    • Movement of air through airways and alveoli
    • Dependent on muscles creating pressure differences
    • Respiratory muscles generate force

    Gas Exchange

    • Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and bloodstream
    • Depends on gases in alveoli, blood flow, and blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

    Gas Transport

    • Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and body fluids
    • Dependent on cardiovascular system and hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • Tissue cells take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide

    Regulation of Ventilation

    • Central nervous system (CNS) controls rate and depth of respiration
    • Primarily controlled by CO2 levels, not oxygen levels.

    Breathing Terms

    • Tidal Volume (VT): Volume of air moved with each breath.
    • Respiratory Frequency (RR): Number of breaths per minute.
    • Minute Ventilation (VE): Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory frequency.
    • Eupnea: Normal respiratory rate and depth
    • Hyperpnea: Elevated respiratory rate and depth to meet metabolic demands (normal response to exercise).
    • Hyperventilation: Elevated respiratory rate and depth exceeding metabolic demands. This can lead to an acid-base imbalance.

    Ventilation Mechanics

    • Two basic movements expand lungs/thoracic cavity: lengthening and elevation of ribs
    • Resting inspiration: diaphragm contraction to lengthen thoracic cavity, passive expiration allows elastic recoil to return to normal.
    • Active inspiration and expiration:
      • External intercostals, sternomastoid, anterior serratus, and scalenes assist inspiration.
      • Rectus abdominus assists active expiration

    Ventilation and Phonation

    • Vocal cords controlled by somatic nervous system, allowing for voluntary control of voice and breathing.
    • Abnormal vocal cord control, like exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (Vocal Cord Dysfunction), can affect voice and breathing.
      • Stridor is a high-pitched inspiratory sound due to this.

    Energetic Demands of Ventilation

    • Somatic muscles require ATP for ventilation (3-5% of resting energy expenditure).
    • Ventilation increases during exercise (12-15%).
    • Greater frequency & force of diaphragm contraction, and accessory muscle activation increases with greater ventilation needs in response to increased demands.

    Respiratory Center in the Brain

    • Located in the medulla (primarily) and pons (smaller role).
    • Medulla includes dorsal respiratory group (inspiration) and ventral respiratory group.
    • Pons contains apneustic center (gradually activates the dorsal respiratory group and pneumotaxic center (controls rate and depth of breathing).

    Valsalva Maneuver

    • A procedure involving forceful exhalation against a closed airway.
    • Initial increase in intrathoracic pressure, which potentially impacts cardiovascular system (and coronary arteries), decreasing venous return, and cardiac output.
    • Releasing this pressure results in a rebound increase in cardiac output and blood pressure. This can be potentially harmful in certain situations (and lead to complications in patients with pre-existing conditions).
    • Phase 1: increased intrathoracic pressure; Phase 2: sustained increase in pressure; Phase 3: pressure release.

    Cough and Sneeze Reflexes

    • Cough and sneeze reflexes are stimulated by different irritants (throat vs. nasal passages).
    • Cough reflex involves larynx and carina, and afferent nerve impulses from the vagus nerve to the medulla.
    • Sneeze reflex involves irritation in nasal passages and utilizes sensory nerves in the fifth cranial nerve.
    • Risks and/or complications for surgical patients due to increased pressure and disruptions in surgical repairs.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the respiratory system's physiology, including ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and the regulation of ventilation. This quiz covers key concepts such as tidal volume and respiratory frequency. Enhance your understanding of how the respiratory system functions in the human body.

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