Respiratory System Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of temporary stoppage of ventilation?

  • Pneumonia
  • Choking incident
  • Respiratory arrest from trauma
  • Sleep apnea (correct)

    • Which muscle is primarily responsible for the lengthening of the thoracic cavity during inspiration at rest?

  • Rectus abdominus
  • Serrati anterior
  • External intercostals
  • Diaphragm (correct)

    • Which of the following is an indication of dyspnea that a clinician can observe?

  • Accessary muscle breathing (correct)
  • Regular breathing patterns
  • Quiet breathing
  • Calm demeanor

    • What occurs during expiration at rest?

    <p>Elastic recoil of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During physical activity, which muscle aids in lifting the sternum?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thoracic volume expansion during inspiration?

    <p>Decreased lung pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in expiration during physical activity?

    <p>Diaphragm contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a pathologic example of dyspnea?

    <p>Individual with cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the left ventricle is experiencing both increased stroke volume and increased afterload?

    <p>It is not an issue in a healthy individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of maintained increased intrathoracic pressure during the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do baroreceptors respond to a decrease in blood pressure during prolonged Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>They signal for increased heart rate and contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition makes the maintained increased external pressure even more problematic for the myocardium?

    <p>Atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a drastic reduction in cardiac output due to prolonged Valsalva maneuver lead to?

    <p>Fainting or syncope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Phase 2 of the Valsalva maneuver, how is the blood supply to the coronary arteries affected?

    <p>Blood supply decreases, worsening existing conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cardiac output when the filling of the vena cava decreases?

    <p>Cardiac output decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prolonged compression on the vena cava lead to?

    <p>Reduced venous return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal respiratory group?

    <p>To generate the rhythm of respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the ventral respiratory group is accurate?

    <p>It assists in heavy ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pneumotaxic center play in respiration?

    <p>It controls the rate and depth of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Phase 1 of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Increased external pressure compressing the vena cava and increasing right atrial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is initiated due to increased right atrial pressure during Phase 1 of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Bainbridge reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem for individuals with atherosclerosis during the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Insufficient blood supply to the myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory muscle is primarily activated by the dorsal respiratory group?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does increased intrathoracic pressure have on the blood supply to the myocardium?

    <p>It restricts blood supply due to increased external pressure on coronary arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the vena cava during Phase 3 of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>It fills with blood but does not enter the right atrium immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the low venous return during Phase 3 affect cardiac output?

    <p>It remains consistent with levels from Phase 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood pressure during Phase 3 of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>It remains low and consistent with Phase 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Phase 4, what effect does normal intrathoracic pressure have on the vena cava?

    <p>It allows blood that filled the vena cava in Phase 3 to flow into the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially happen due to the sudden surge of blood in the coronary arteries during Phase 4?

    <p>An increased risk of myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not part of the cough reflex process?

    <p>Inhibition of the vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consequence could occur in patients after recent thoracic or abdominal surgery during a cough reflex?

    <p>Disruption of the surgical repairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible immediate physiological response to the increase in right atrial pressure during Phase 4?

    <p>Initiation of the Bainbridge reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ventilation in respiratory physiology?

    <p>Move air through the airways and alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily influences the regulation of ventilation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is minute ventilation calculated?

    <p>Tidal Volume multiplied by Respiratory Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an elevated ventilatory rate and depth that meets metabolic demand?

    <p>Hyperpnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tachypnea typically indicate?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate with shallow breaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of hyperventilation?

    <p>Acid-base imbalance due to excess carbon dioxide loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of respiratory physiology is NOT dependent on blood flow through the alveolar capillaries?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tidal volume abbreviated as?

    <p>VT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a high-pitched inspiratory sound and can be resolved by neuromuscular coordination training?

    <p>Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of our resting energy expenditure is typically used for ventilation?

    <p>3-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, the energy demand for ventilation increases to what percentage?

    <p>12-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors complicates ventilation in individuals with pulmonary disease or obesity?

    <p>Greater force production needed to move air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence can arise from the long-term overuse of respiratory muscles?

    <p>Reduced respiratory muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subregion of the brain is not part of the respiratory center?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if respiratory muscles are in 'exercise' mode during physical activity?

    <p>Limited ability to increase ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle action is involved in both inspiration and active expiration?

    <p>Accessory expiratory muscle activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure has the greatest amount of cartilage in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of breathing does airway resistance typically decrease?

    <p>Inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of increased airway resistance during an asthma attack?

    <p>Muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with airway resistance increase in disease states?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is responsible for bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the respiratory tract is airflow resistance the greatest?

    <p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor required for effective gas exchange between alveoli and the bloodstream?

    <p>Sufficient airflow to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased airway resistance affect airflow during expiration?

    <p>Airflow decreases as airways compress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, how does pulmonary blood flow change?

    <p>Increases by more than four times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway resistance?

    <p>Lowers airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does physiological dead space refer to?

    <p>Alveoli that are not receiving adequate blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of a pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Inadequate perfusion of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT decrease pulmonary vascular resistance during exercise?

    <p>Constriction of bronchial airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the danger associated with 'dead space' in the respiratory system?

    <p>It can lead to inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs when blood clots form in the pulmonary vessels?

    <p>Increased afterload on the right side of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines anatomical dead space in the respiratory system?

    <p>Areas not involved in gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which bronchodilators function?

    <p>They activate β-adrenergic receptors to induce bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of decreased lung compliance?

    <p>Reduced efficiency of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is partial pressure defined in relation to blood gases?

    <p>It quantifies the amount of gas dissolved in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FiO2 represent in respiratory physiology?

    <p>Fraction of inspired oxygen that can vary clinically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?

    <p>It is calculated by multiplying atmospheric pressure by the percent of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can stiff lung tissue have on expiration?

    <p>It can necessitate active expiration, requiring more ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes decreased lung compliance?

    <p>Scar tissue and chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level?

    <p>160 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate PaO2 value at sea level?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can reduce gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>Presence of fluid or mucus in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, how does PvO2 change?

    <p>Decreases as more oxygen is extracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason oxygen moves from the alveolus to the blood?

    <p>Concentration gradient favors oxygen in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PACO2 value indicative of in the alveoli?

    <p>Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration gradient for gas exchange at high altitudes?

    <p>It decreases due to lower atmospheric PO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cannot facilitate the gas exchange process in the lungs?

    <p>Fluid accumulation in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines PvO2 in the systemic venous system?

    <p>It is around 40 mmHg at sea level while at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin in healthy individuals?

    <p>97%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy individuals, what is the primary form of carbon dioxide transportation in the blood?

    <p>Bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical limitation does pulse oximetry have?

    <p>It does not determine total hemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does skin pigmentation affect pulse oximetry readings?

    <p>It may cause readings to appear higher than they actually are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly increases the ventilatory stimulus?

    <p>High levels of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about pulse oximeter readings in a carbon monoxide poisoning scenario?

    <p>It can show normal readings despite low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During intense exercise, what percentage of carbon dioxide is typically bound to hemoglobin?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What incorrect assumption can be made from normal pulse oximeter readings in a patient who has lost a lot of blood?

    <p>They do not require immediate medical attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Physiology

    • Four main components: ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and regulation of ventilation
    • Ventilation: Air movement through airways and alveoli, relying on respiratory muscles to create pressure differences
    • Gas Exchange: Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion between alveoli and bloodstream; dependent on gases in alveoli, blood flow, and blood's capacity to carry gases
    • Gas Transport: Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood and body fluids to cells; dependent on cardiovascular system and hemoglobin
    • Regulation of Ventilation: Central nervous system (CNS) controls respiration, primarily in response to carbon dioxide levels

    Breathing Terms

    • Tidal Volume (VT): Air volume moved with each breath
    • Respiratory Frequency (RR): Number of breaths per minute
    • Minute Ventilation (VE): Product of VT and RR
    • Eupnea: Normal ventilatory rate and depth
    • Hyperpnea: Elevated rate and depth to meet metabolic demand (e.g., exercise)
    • Hyperventilation: Elevated rate and depth exceeding metabolic demand

    Mechanics of Ventilation

    • Inspiration: Thoracic volume expansion, decreasing intrathoracic pressure, allowing air to enter alveoli
    • Expiration: Thoracic volume decrease, increasing intrathoracic pressure, forcing air out of alveoli
    • Muscles involved include diaphragm (resting), external intercostals, and accessory muscles (exercise)

    Other Respiratory Concepts

    • Tachypnea: Increased respiratory rate without tidal volume increase
    • Apnea: Cessation of ventilation (temporary or permanent)
    • Dyspnea: Subjective experience of difficulty breathing (may be pathologic or non-pathologic)
    • Valsalva Maneuver: Increased intrathoracic pressure; affects venous return, coronary artery perfusion, and blood pressure
    • Cough Reflex: Response to irritation in the airways, leading to forceful expulsion of air
    • Sneeze Reflex: Response to nasal irritation, similar to cough reflex but with nasal pathway initiation

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the physiology of the respiratory system with this quiz covering key concepts such as ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport. Understand the role of tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and how the central nervous system regulates breathing. Perfect for students studying human physiology or medicine.

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