Respiratory System: Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
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Questions and Answers

What is the opening location of the frontal sinus?

  • Superior meatus
  • Bulla ethmoidalis
  • Sphenoethmoidal recess
  • Ethmoidal infundibulum (correct)

Which of the following sinuses opens into the posterior end of the hiatus semilunaris?

  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus (correct)
  • Anterior ethmoidal sinus
  • Middle ethmoidal sinus

What is Little's area commonly associated with?

  • Epiphora condition
  • Nasal septum bleeding (correct)
  • Olfactory nerve function
  • Sphenoidal sinus drainage

Which statement is true regarding the development of paranasal sinuses?

<p>They are absent at birth except for the maxillary sinus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery does NOT contribute to the arterial supply of the nasal cavity?

<p>Radial artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Decrease the weight of the skull (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sinus opens into the bulla ethmoidalis?

<p>Middle ethmoidal sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nerve responsible for the sense of smell in the nasal cavity?

<p>Olfactory nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts that form the external nose?

<p>Bone and cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of the roof of the nasal cavity?

<p>Maxilla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nerve supply to the maxillary sinuses?

<p>Maxillary nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure primarily increases the surface area of the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasal conchae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels primarily supply blood to the external nose?

<p>Facial, infraorbital, and ophthalmic vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shape of the maxillary sinus?

<p>Pyramidal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nasal conchae in the nasal cavity?

<p>Warmth and humidity of inspired air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the maxillary sinus open into the nasal cavity?

<p>Middle meatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the small, dilated part above the nostril in the nose?

<p>Vestibule of nose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common clinical issue associated with the drainage of the maxillary sinus?

<p>Difficulty in drainage due to the high position of the opening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nasal cavity is formed by a cartilaginous structure in front?

<p>Medial wall (nasal septum) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sinuses varies in the number of air cells from 3-18?

<p>Ethmoidal sinuses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the middle meatus in the nasal cavity?

<p>Rounded elevation called bulla ethmoidalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the two sphenoid sinuses?

<p>Bony septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the anterior ethmoidal sinuses open?

<p>Ethmoidal infundibulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arterial supply of the posterior ethmoidal sinuses?

<p>Posterior ethmoidal artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the larynx is responsible for forming the Adam's apple?

<p>Thyroid cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage in the larynx is shaped like a leaf and consists of elastic fibrocartilage?

<p>Epiglottis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage?

<p>Attaches to the vocal ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the cricoid cartilage?

<p>Below the thyroid cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the thyroidea notch is true?

<p>Is a V-shaped depression on the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which paired cartilages articulate with the cricoid cartilage's upper border?

<p>Arytenoid cartilages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage is considered a single cartilage in the laryngeal framework?

<p>Cricoid cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature distinguishes male's thyroid cartilage from that of females?

<p>The angle formed by the laminae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thyrohyoid membrane?

<p>Connecting the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cricothyroid ligament is the lateral thin part?

<p>Cricovocal membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the narrow gap between the vocal folds?

<p>Rima glottidis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is responsible for closing the inlet of the larynx?

<p>Transverse arytenoid muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the upper free border of the quadrangular membranes?

<p>Aryepiglottic fold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vestibule of the larynx?

<p>The upper part of the larynx that extends to the vocal folds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the oblique arytenoid muscles?

<p>To close the inlet of the larynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the infraglottic part of the larynx?

<p>Extends from the vocal folds to the lower border of cricoid cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for stretching the vocal cords?

<p>Cricothyroid muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve supply for all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle?

<p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the upper part of the larynx?

<p>Superior laryngeal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does injury to the external laryngeal nerves have on the vocal cords?

<p>Paralysis of cricothyroid muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for adducting the vocal cords?

<p>Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle relaxes the posterior part of the vocal cords?

<p>Vocalis muscle (posterior part) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the trachea begin?

<p>At the level of C6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the internal laryngeal nerve?

<p>Supplies the mucosa of the larynx above vocal cords (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the structure of the external nose?

The external nose consists of a bony (posteroinferior) and cartilaginous (anteroinferior) part. It's covered in thick skin with sebaceous glands.

What nerve supplies the skin of the external nose?

The nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the skin of the external nose.

What vessels supply blood to the external nose?

The facial, infraorbital, and ophthalmic vessels supply blood to the external nose.

What are the parts of the nasal cavity's roof?

The nasal cavity's roof is divided into 3 parts: an anterior sloping part (nasal/frontal bones), a middle horizontal part (cribriform plate of ethmoid bone), and a posterior sloping part (body of sphenoid bone).

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What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

The nasal cavity's floor is formed by the two parts of the hard palate.

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What forms the nasal septum?

The nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity, is formed by a cartilaginous part in front and a bony part behind.

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What are the three parts of the nasal cavity's lateral wall?

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity has three parts: vestibule, atrium, and the nasal conchae with their meatuses.

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What are the nasal conchae and what is their function?

The nasal conchae are curved bony projections covered in vascular mucosa. They increase surface area, improving olfaction, humidity, and warming of inspired air.

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Frontal Sinus

The frontal sinus is a paired air-filled cavity located in the frontal bone above the eyes. They are separated by a bony septum.

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Maxillary Sinus

The maxillary sinuses are the largest paranasal sinuses. They are located within the maxillary bones, which form the upper jaw.

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Ethmoidal Sinus

The ethmoidal sinuses are a group of small, complex air-filled cavities located within the ethmoid bone, which is a part of the skull.

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Sphenoidal Sinus

The sphenoidal sinus is a single, air-filled cavity located within the sphenoid bone, which is a bone at the base of the skull.

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Frontonasal Duct

The opening where the frontal sinus drains into the nasal cavity.

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Little's Area

A small area on the anterior part of the nasal septum, prone to bleeding from nose (epistaxis).

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Air Conditioning

The process of warming and humidifying air as it enters the nasal cavity.

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Voice Resonance

The resonating effect of the paranasal sinuses on the voice.

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What is the maxillary sinus?

The largest air sinus, present at birth, located within the maxilla. It's pyramid-shaped, making it easy to remember its shape.

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Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

The maxillary sinus opens into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity, just below the bulla ethmoidalis. This drainage pathway is crucial to understand.

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What is the relationship between the maxillary sinus and the teeth?

The floor of the maxillary sinus lies close to the premolar and molar teeth. This proximity explains why dental procedures involving these teeth can lead to complications.

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Describe the ethmoidal sinuses.

The ethmoidal sinuses are a group of air cells found within the ethmoid bone, located between the orbit and nasal cavity. They can vary in number, but are usually divided into three groups.

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Where does the anterior ethmoidal sinus drain?

The anterior ethmoidal sinus opens into the ethmoidal infundibulum or the anterior end of the hiatus semilunaris. This is its drainage pathway.

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What is the sphenoid sinus?

The sphenoid sinus resides within the body of the sphenoid bone, located behind the upper part of the nasal cavity. It's typically divided by a bony septum.

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Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?

The sphenoid sinus drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess, which is a narrow space located in the nasal cavity.

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What is the nerve supply to the sphenoid sinus?

The sphenoid sinus is supplied by the posterior ethmoidal and orbital branches of the sphenopalatine ganglion. This nerve supply is important for its sensory function.

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What is the larynx?

A tube in the respiratory system connecting the root of the tongue to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage.

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What is the framework of the larynx?

Composed of nine cartilages connected by ligaments and membranes.

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Describe thyroid cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage forming an angle in the front, creating the Adam's apple.

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What is the cricoid cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage with an anterior arch and a posterior lamina, connecting to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.

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Describe the epiglottis.

A leaf-like, elastic cartilage located behind the root of the tongue.

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What are the arytenoid cartilages?

Pyramidal cartilages on the cricoid lamina, involved in voice production.

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What are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages?

Small nodules of elastic cartilage in the aryepiglottic fold.

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What are ligaments, membranes, and folds in the larynx?

Structures such as ligaments, membranes, and folds that connect the larynx's cartilages.

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What is the Thyrohyoid Membrane?

A membrane connecting the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. It's important for supporting the larynx and facilitating vocalization.

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What does the Cricothyroid Ligament do?

A strong ligament linking the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. It plays a key role in voice production.

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What is the Vestibule of the Larynx?

It's the upper part of the larynx, from the inlet to the vestibular folds. It acts as a primary filter for incoming air.

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Where is the Sinus of the Larynx?

This part of the larynx is located between the vestibular and vocal folds, playing a vital role in voice production and resonance.

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What is the Vocal Ligament?

Also known as the vocal fold, it is a thin, elastic band connecting the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage to the angle of the thyroid cartilage.

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What is the Inlet of the Larynx?

The opening of the larynx, allowing air to enter from the laryngopharynx. Crucial for breathing and speech.

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What does the Transverse Arytenoid Muscle do?

A muscle that helps close the inlet of the larynx by bringing the arytenoid cartilages together.

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What are the Oblique Arytenoid Muscles?

A pair of X-shaped muscles that help control the vocal cords and regulate the opening of the larynx.

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Cricothyroid Muscle

A muscle that helps stretch the vocal cords, making them tighter. When this muscle stretches, the sound produced is higher pitched.

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Thyroarytenoid Muscle

A muscle that helps relax the vocal cords, making them looser. This muscle helps produce lower pitched sounds.

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Adducting Muscles

These muscles bring the vocal cords together, allowing them to vibrate and produce sound.

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Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

This muscle helps open the vocal cords, allowing air to pass through for breathing.

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Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

The nerve that supplies motor function to most muscles of the larynx. It's also responsible for sensation below the vocal cords.

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External Laryngeal Nerve

This nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle, which controls the pitch of your voice.

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Internal Laryngeal Nerve

This nerve provides sensation to the mucosa above the vocal cords, including the epiglottis.

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Superior Laryngeal Artery

This artery supplies blood to the upper part of the larynx.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System: Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

  • The nose is pyramidal, composed of bony (posterior-inferior) and cartilaginous (anterior-inferior) parts.
  • The nose's skin is thick and rich in sebaceous glands.
  • Nerve supply to the nasal skin comes from the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve.
  • Blood supply to the external nose comes from facial, infraorbital, and ophthalmic vessels.
  • The nasal cavity has a roof formed of three parts, an anterior sloping portion, a middle horizontal portion (cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone), and a posterior sloping portion (body of the sphenoid bone).
  • The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by parts of the hard palate.
  • The medial wall, or nasal septum, is made of cartilage in front and bone behind.
  • The lateral wall has openings to paranasal sinuses and is composed of multiple bones.
  • The lateral wall is further divided into the vestibule, atrium, and middle meatus and contains nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior).
  • Nasal conchae increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, aiding in humidifying and warming inspired air.

Respiratory System: Paranasal Sinuses

  • Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the skull bones surrounding the nose.
  • They open into the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
  • Functions include decreasing skull weight, increasing voice resonance, and warming/moistening the inspired air.
  • Paranasal sinuses include frontal, maxillary, anterior and middle ethmoidal, posterior ethmoidal, and sphenoid sinuses.

Respiratory System: Larynx

  • The larynx is a tube that extends from the root of the tongue to the cricoid cartilage's lower border.
  • It's composed of nine cartilages (3 single, 3 paired).
  • Single cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis.
  • Paired cartilages include the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
  • Ligaments and membranes connect these cartilages.
  • The larynx's cavity is divided into the vestibule, sinus, and infraglottic portions.
  • Laryngeal muscles control vocal cord movement (adduction, abduction, stretching, and relaxing), essential for speech production.
  • Nerve supply comes from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve.
  • Blood supply comes from superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.

Respiratory System: Trachea and Bronchi

  • The trachea (windpipe) continues from the larynx into the thorax.
  • It divides into the left and right primary bronchi.
  • Its position is in the superior mediastinum.

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Description

This quiz explores the anatomy and functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Understand the structure, blood supply, and nerve supply, alongside important components like the nasal septum and conchae. Test your knowledge of respiratory anatomy and its supporting structures.

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