Questions and Answers
What is a Cold Probe?
A method used to record whether the student was able to independently provide the correct response upon the first presentation of the SD (3 consecutive yes probes = mastered skill)
What is Toy Imitation?
A technique useful when teaching play skills, starting with items the student has shown interest in, using two identical sets for teacher and student, with an SD of 'do this'.
What does Gross Motor Imitation involve?
Imitation of body movements without needing any materials, with an SD of 'copy me'.
What is Fine Motor Imitation?
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What does Oral Motor Imitation refer to?
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What is Echoic behavior?
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What does Mand entail?
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What is Tact?
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What does indirect measurement include?
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What does direct measurement involve?
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What characteristics should behavioral definitions have?
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What is operational behavior definition?
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What is indirect outcome recording?
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What is direct outcome recording?
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What is event recording?
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What is frequency recording?
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What is intensity in behavioral measurement?
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What does duration measure?
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What is latency?
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What does partial interval recording involve?
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What is whole interval recording?
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What is momentary time sampling recording?
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What is reinforcement?
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What is punishment?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is positive punishment?
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What is negative punishment?
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What are motivating operations?
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What is deprivation?
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What is immediacy in reinforcement?
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What is size in the context of reinforcement?
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What is contingency in reinforcement?
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What are schedules of reinforcement?
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What is a continuous schedule?
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What is an intermittent schedule?
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What is a fixed ratio schedule?
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What is a variable ratio schedule?
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What is a fixed interval schedule?
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What is a variable interval schedule?
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What is extinction in behavior analysis?
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What is an extinction burst?
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What is response cost?
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What is a behavior intervention plan?
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What is a functional behavior assessment?
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What does antecedent refer to?
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What are visual schedules?
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What is a means to an end visual?
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What is functional communication training?
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What are social stories?
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What is systematic desensitization?
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What is demand fading?
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What is non-contingent reinforcement?
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What is pairing?
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What does pace in instruction affect?
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What is interspersing?
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What is a wait program?
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What is a transition program?
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What is a sensory diet?
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What is differential reinforcement of alternate behaviors (DRA)?
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What is differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI)?
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What is differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO)?
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What is overcorrection?
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What is restitutional overcorrection?
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What is positive practice overcorrection?
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What is timeout?
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What is prompting?
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What is a physical prompt?
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What is a verbal prompt?
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What is an intraverbal prompt?
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What is a visual prompt?
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What is a gestural prompt?
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What is a positional prompt?
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What is modeling?
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What is video modeling?
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What is video self-modeling?
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What is time delay?
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What is prompt fading?
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What is stimulus fading?
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What is most to least prompting?
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What is least to most prompting?
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What is shaping?
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What is task analysis?
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What is chaining?
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What is forward chaining?
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What is backward chaining?
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What is total task presentation?
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What is discrimination training?
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What is isolation in learning?
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What are mixed trials?
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What is discrete trial instruction?
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What is errorless learning?
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What is trial by trial data?
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What is probe data?
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What is naturalistic teaching?
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What is stimulus control?
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What is multiple exemplar training?
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What is a transfer trial?
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What is error correction?
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Study Notes
Measurement Techniques
- Indirect Measurement: Uses interviews, rating scales, and surveys to gather information about behaviors without direct observation.
- Direct Measurement: Involves observing and recording behaviors as they happen, providing real-time data.
Behavioral Definitions
- Behavioral Definitions: Must be operational, including action verbs, objective, and unambiguous; avoids vague terms related to internal states or labels.
- Operational Definition: Allows observers to recognize and record the same behavior consistently.
Recording Methods
- Event Recording: Records each instance of a behavior during an observation period; requires a clear beginning and end for the behavior.
- Frequency Recording: Counts the number of times a behavior occurs when it has a defined start and end.
- Intensity: Measures the force or magnitude of a response, relevant when this aspect is targeted for change.
- Duration: Records how long a behavior lasts to assess if the duration should be decreased.
- Latency: Captures the time between a stimulus (SD) and a response, useful for decreasing response times.
- Partial Interval Recording: Marks if a behavior occurs at any point during an interval, even if briefly; often used for self-stimulatory behaviors.
- Whole Interval Recording: Checks off the interval if the behavior occurs for the entire duration; useful for high-frequency behaviors.
- Momentary Time Sampling: Observes behavior occurrence at specific moments, less reliable than traditional interval methods.
Reinforcement & Punishment
- Reinforcement: Increases a behavior following its occurrence.
- Punishment: Decreases a behavior after it occurs.
- Positive Reinforcement: Introduces a pleasant stimulus following the desired behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removes an unpleasant stimulus after the desired behavior is exhibited.
- Positive Punishment: Adds an aversive stimulus following a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Involves taking away a pleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior.
Motivating Operations & Factors Influencing Reinforcement
- Motivating Operations: Environmental variables that alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
- Deprivation: Increases the potency of a reinforcer when access has been limited for a time.
- Immediacy: The quicker a reinforcer is provided after a behavior, the more effective it is.
- Size: The magnitude of a reinforcer affects its value; too much or too little can reduce effectiveness.
- Contingency: Reinforcing behavior only when it occurs increases effectiveness.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Schedule: Reinforces behavior every time it occurs, useful for initial learning.
- Intermittent Schedule: Used to maintain learned behavior, only reinforces occasionally.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement given after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement after an average number of responses, unpredictable.
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement after a set period, regardless of the number of responses.
- Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement after an unpredictable time period.
Behavior Management Strategies
- Extinction: Withholding reinforcement to decrease behavior frequency.
- Extinction Burst: An initial increase in behavior when reinforcement stops, before it declines.
- Response Cost: Involves removing a reinforcer as a consequence of undesired behavior.
- Behavior Intervention Plan: Guides interventions to reduce inappropriate behaviors and promote positive alternatives.
- Functional Behavior Assessment: Collects data on antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to address problem behaviors.
Teaching and Communication Techniques
- Functional Communication Training: Replaces challenging behavior with appropriate communication.
- Social Stories: Provide guidance for children with autism on social situations.
- Differential Reinforcement (DRA, DRI, DRO): Strategies to reinforce alternative behaviors while reducing undesired ones.
- Shaping: Reinforces gradual approximations toward a target behavior.
- Chaining: Breaks down tasks into a sequence of steps, either forward or backward chaining methods.
- Errorless Learning: Promotes early prompting to ensure success and minimize errors.
- Naturalistic Teaching: Reinforces the use of behavior in context, focusing on functional skills.
Prompting Techniques
- Prompting: Cues or actions to assist in evoking desired responses, includes various methods such as verbal, gestural, and physical prompts.
- Prompt Fading: Involves reducing assistance gradually as the learner gains independence.
- Modeling: Demonstrates desired behaviors physically for imitation by the learner.
Data Collection
- Trial by Trial Data: Collects data on correct responses after each teaching trial.
- Probe Data: Checks for mastery on the initial trial to assess retention of learned skills.
Special Methods
- Visual Schedules: Use pictures to outline activities, providing predictability and structure.
- Sensory Diet: Activities tailored to meet sensory needs and improve focus through structured sensory experiences.
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Test your knowledge on indirect and direct measurement techniques, as well as behavioral definitions related to RBT competency. Use these flashcards to prepare effectively and gain a solid understanding of essential concepts in behavior analysis.