RBT Study Test (Modules 5-7)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is one strategy within the Autism Partnership Method used to decrease aberrant behavior? (Select all that apply)

  • Video modeling
  • Script fading
  • Equivalence based instruction
  • Social skill groups (correct)

Developing a hierarchy of frustrating events and teaching a client to engage in relaxing behaviors when exposed to steps within that hierarchy is known as which of the following?

  • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
  • Graduated Support
  • Frustration Tolerance (correct)
  • Respondent Blocking

If required to implement restraint, you must do which of the following?

  • Use for each learner with whom you work
  • Use in every crisis plan
  • Seek out additional training (correct)
  • Nothing in addition to this training

Crisis plans should be:

<p>Individualized (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core component of a behavior reduction plan?

<p>Data collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first rule of punishment is:

<p>It happens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A response followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future probability of similar responses is best described by which of the following?

<p>Punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saying 'no' contingent upon a learner's response that results in a decrease in the probability of that response in the future is an example of which of the following?

<p>Positive punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Removing a token contingent upon a response that results in a decrease in the probability of that response in the future is an example of which of the following?

<p>Negative punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bad odor is likely an example of which of the following?

<p>Unconditioned punisher (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a person's conditioning history is a definition of which of the following?

<p>Conditioned punisher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following two variables affect the effectiveness of punishers?

<p>Immediacy and schedule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A potential negative side effect of punishment is:

<p>Behavioral contrast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the analogy of the history of punishment that the presenter used?

<p>Pendulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effectiveness of punishment was first evaluated in which type of research?

<p>Basic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavior a client engages in that could cause harm to themselves or others is sometimes referred to as:

<p>Aberrant behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One problem associated with stereotypic behavior is it:

<p>Could interfere with learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minshawi and colleagues (2014) reported that up to _____ individuals with ASD display self-injurious behavior.

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Defining a behavior in observable terms is known as which of the following?

<p>Operational definition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This type of definition describes changes in the environment related to the behavior.

<p>Functional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is an operational definition important?

<p>It results in more accurate scoring of behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which four functions are commonly included in historical literature on functional analysis?

<p>Access to attention, access to tangibles, escape, and automatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Autism Partnership Method/Model what is another potential function of behavior?

<p>Control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect measures of aberrant behavior are also known as which of the following?

<p>Second hand observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collecting A-B-C data is also known as which of the following?

<p>First hand observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best reason for conducting a functional behavior assessment?

<p>To identify the function of behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of active listening?

<p>What we do, what we say, what we observe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Was he screaming, hitting, or throwing objects?' is an indirect method known as which of the following?

<p>Laundry list (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step of direct observation?

<p>Describing the behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional analysis has been described as the most ____ way to determine function.

<p>Precise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of studies on functional analysis have shown it:

<p>Can lead to successful treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A learner receiving a high five contingent upon displaying aberrant behavior would occur in which condition of a functional analysis?

<p>Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A learner receiving a toy contingent upon displaying aberrant behavior would most likely occur in which condition of a functional analysis?

<p>Tangible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A learner being provided with a break from demands contingent upon displaying aberrant behavior would most likely occur in which condition of a functional analysis?

<p>Escape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One concern with standard Functional Analyses is that they are not:

<p>Occurring in natural settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a progressive approach to problem behavior (i.e., the Big 4), which of the following is recommended?

<p>To proactively teach the skills required to navigate the four conditions of a standard functional analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one component of proactive procedures?

<p>Making learning fun (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to make learning fun?

<p>Interspersing tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one component of reactive procedures?

<p>Creating behavioral momentum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One component of a good behavior plan is:

<p>A measurement system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discontinuing the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior primarily results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior, which is known as which of the following?

<p>Extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

We extinguish the ______

<p>Behavior not the student</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extinction should always be combined with which of the following?

<p>Reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When implementing a procedure based upon extinction, one might observe an initial, but temporary increase in the targeted behavior. This is known as which of the following?

<p>Extinction burst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a situation when a behavior that is no longer reinforced starts to appear again?

<p>Resurgence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary behavioral principle responsible for the effectiveness of time-out is which of the following?

<p>Punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An essential component of time-out is ensuring which of the following?

<p>High quality time-in (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of time-out best describes when the learner is completely removed from the environment?

<p>Exclusionary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of time-out best describes when the learner is not removed from the environment?

<p>Non-exclusionary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge associated with the implementation of time-out?

<p>Ethical considerations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a procedure that involves a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement for engaging in appropriate behavior and is removed for engaging in inappropriate behavior?

<p>Time in (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one advantage of the time-in procedure?

<p>Provides a prompt for the teacher/therapists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time-in could be implemented with which of the following?

<p>Any student (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary behavioral principle responsible for the effectiveness of a response cost system?

<p>Punishment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Response cost should always be combined with which of the following?

<p>Reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes an overcorrection procedure in which aberrant behavior sets the occasion for the learner to restore the environment to its previous state?

<p>Restitutional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes an overcorrection procedure in which aberrant behavior sets the occasion for the learner to repeatedly engage in a task?

<p>Positive practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a procedure that involves blocking an individual from engaging in a behavior?

<p>Response blocking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon the learner engaging in a specific behavior instead of the aberrant behavior is known as which of the following?

<p>Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon the learner engaging in a behavior that cannot be done at the same time as the targeted aberrant behavior is known as which of the following?

<p>Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon the absence of aberrant behavior is known as which of the following?

<p>Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon displaying lower rates of behavior is known as which of the following?

<p>Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interventions that manipulate the value of consequences are also known as which of the following?

<p>Antecedent based procedures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Having a student engage in a series of preferred tasks prior to presenting a non-preferred task is known as which of the following?

<p>Behavioral momentum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An audiotaped, written word, phrase, or sentence used to teach conversation and social behavior is known as which of the following?

<p>Script fading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using script fading, how many people are involved in the process?

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Having a client watch a video of an individual displaying the desired behavior is known as which of the following?

<p>Modeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are three types of video modeling?

<p>Basic, self, and POV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one problem with a first-then strategy?

<p>Bribery land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One potential problem with social stories is they have not been:

<p>Shown to be as effective as other procedures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following procedures have been found to be more effective than social stories?

<p>Teaching Interaction Procedure, video modeling, and Cool Versus Not Cool (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Punishment

A stimulus change that decreases the future probability of a behavior.

Positive Punishment

A stimulus added after a behavior, making it less likely to occur again.

Negative Punishment

A stimulus removed after a behavior, making it less likely to occur again.

Unconditioned Punishers

Naturally aversive stimuli that elicit an unpleasant response.

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Conditioned Punishers

Stimuli that become aversive through learning and association with other aversive stimuli.

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Aberrant Behavior

Behaviors that could potentially harm oneself or others.

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Stereotypic Behaviors

Repetitive, non-functional behaviors that can interfere with learning and development.

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Operational Definition

A precise description of a behavior in observable terms.

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Functional Analysis

A process of assessing the function of a behavior by analyzing its antecedents and consequences.

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Indirect Measures

Measures that rely on second-hand information about behavior.

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Direct Measures

Measures that involve directly observing and recording behavior.

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Proactive Strategies

Strategies aimed at preventing challenging behaviors by creating a supportive and engaging learning environment.

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Reactive Procedures

Strategies implemented when challenging behaviors occur.

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Extinction

The process of discontinuing reinforcement for a behavior, leading to a decrease in its frequency.

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Extinction Burst

A temporary increase in a behavior after reinforcement is discontinued.

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Resurgence

The reappearance of an extinguished behavior after a period of time.

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Time-Out

A punishment procedure involving temporary removal from reinforcing stimuli.

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Time-In

The principle that effective time-out requires providing high-quality time in the presence of reinforcing activities when not in time-out.

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DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors)

Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors, promoting engaging in other appropriate behaviors.

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DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors)

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors, encouraging behaviors that cannot be performed simultaneously with the target behavior.

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DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors)

Differential reinforcement of other behaviors, reinforcing the absence of the target behavior.

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DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates)

Differential reinforcement of low rates, rewarding lower occurrences of a behavior.

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Antecedent-Based Procedures

Strategies that manipulate environmental stimuli to decrease challenging behaviors.

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Behavioral Momentum

A strategy involving transitioning from highly preferred tasks to less preferred tasks to maintain engagement.

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Script Fading

A method of teaching social skills through structured phrases or scripts.

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Social Skills Groups

A group intervention focused on improving social skills in children with autism.

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Frustration Tolerance

Teaching individuals to cope with frustration through graded exposure to challenging events.

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Restraint

A physical intervention used to prevent harm in critical situations.

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Study Notes

Punishment and Behavior Management

  • Punishment is defined as a response followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future probability of that response.
  • Positive punishment can be exemplified by saying "no" in response to undesirable behavior.
  • Negative punishment occurs when a token is removed as a consequence of behavior.
  • Unconditioned punishers, like a bad odor, are naturally aversive stimuli.
  • Conditioned punishers derive their effectiveness from past experiences and conditioning.
  • Effectiveness of punishers is affected by immediacy and the schedule of reinforcements available.

Aberrant Behavior and Definitions

  • Aberrant behavior refers to actions that could harm oneself or others.
  • Stereotypic behaviors can hinder learning opportunities.
  • Reports indicate that up to 50% of individuals with ASD exhibit self-injurious behavior.
  • Operational definitions entail describing behaviors in observable terms for clarity in measurement and evaluation.

Functional Analysis and Behavior Assessment

  • Functional analysis includes assessing behaviors through conditions like escape, tangible, attention, and control.
  • Indirect measures of behavior rely on second-hand observation, while direct measures involve collecting A-B-C data firsthand.
  • The primary goal of a functional behavior assessment is to identify the function behind the behavior.

Proactive and Reactive Procedures

  • Proactive strategies aim to make learning enjoyable and engaging, while reactive procedures focus on momentum during interventions.
  • Effective behavior plans must include measurement systems and clear definitions of behaviors.

Extinction and Its Effects

  • Extinction is the process of discontinuing reinforcement, leading to a decrease in behavior frequency.
  • Reinforcement should accompany extinction procedures to support positive behavior changes.
  • Extinction can initially cause an increase in targeted behavior, known as an extinction burst, followed by potential resurgence.

Time-Out and Ethical Considerations

  • The principle behind time-out is punishment; ensuring high-quality time-in is crucial for effectiveness.
  • Different types of time-out (exclusionary and non-exclusionary) dictate whether a learner is removed from the environment or remains present.
  • Ethical considerations play a major role in implementing time-out strategies.

Reinforcement Strategies

  • Differential reinforcement is crucial, including:
    • DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behaviors) promotes engaging in alternate behaviors.
    • DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviors) encourages behaviors that cannot coexist with undesired behaviors.
    • DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other behaviors) reinforces the absence of aberrant behaviors.
    • DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low rates) rewards lower occurrences of behavior.

Behavioral and Script-Based Interventions

  • Manipulating consequence values falls under antecedent-based procedures.
  • Behavioral momentum involves transitioning from preferred tasks to non-preferred tasks to facilitate engagement.
  • Script fading helps learners enhance conversation and social skills through structured phrases or scripts.

Effective Interventions and Training

  • Social skill groups are a useful strategy within the Autism Partnership Method for reducing aberrant behavior.
  • Frustration tolerance promotes coping skills through graded exposure to challenging events.
  • Restraint requires additional specialized training before implementation, with individualized crisis plans necessary for effective behavior management.

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