Psychology Quiz on Attachment and Development

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Questions and Answers

What are the dual motivations for children according to Mary Ainsworth?

Exploration and security (correct)

Exploration and affection

Affection and attachment

Play and security

What attachment style is likely exhibited by a baby who prefers her mother, shows distress when separated, and explores a new room?

Secure (correct)

Disorganized

Insecure-avoidant

Insecure-resistant

What is the ultimate purpose of infant attachment according to John Bowlby?

Enhance cognitive development

Create dependency on caregivers

Facilitate social bonding

Increase the likelihood of the infant's survival (correct)

What is meant by the term 'critical period' in developmental psychology?

A specific window of time for an essential event Signup and view all the answers

According to Kelley’s covariation model, low consensus information is used to make which type of attribution?

Person attribution Signup and view all the answers

What does the availability heuristic suggest about how we judge an event's frequency?

By the ease of recalling instances Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social factors according to discussions of aggression?

Important in shaping behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to Wendy Josephson’s experiment, what increases children's aggression?

Cues related to violent TV programs Signup and view all the answers

What type of delusion is characterized by beliefs of being extremely famous or important?

Delusion of grandeur Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most strongly associated with the development of schizophrenia?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Alogia and avolition are classified as what type of symptoms in schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary explanation for an infant's preference for sweet tastes?

Nature Signup and view all the answers

In the Sally and Anne false belief experiment, what is Ben likely to assume about Sally's knowledge?

Sally is unaware the marble was moved. Signup and view all the answers

The diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia suggests that the disorder arises from:

A combination of genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

How many symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

5 or more during the same 2-week period Signup and view all the answers

When Bill begins to talk about patching a jacket instead of the dog, this illustrates which symptom?

Tangentiality Signup and view all the answers

What does the Moro reflex indicate when tested in infants?

General startle response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of factor analysis in intelligence testing?

To identify the number of factors that represent intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What issue arose when using the original method of calculating IQ scores in adults?

Adults appeared less intelligent as they aged Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is characteristic of someone experiencing Double Depression?

Simultaneously meeting criteria for both Persistent and Major Depressive Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of historical stimuli in the SORCK analysis?

Influences behavior likelihood but does not directly cause it Signup and view all the answers

Which advancement did the Wechsler scales bring to intelligence measurement?

It replaced mental age with relative scores among peers Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of conditioning central to Behavioural Therapy?

Classical and Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects findings from longitudinal studies of infants' temperaments?

There is a moderate correlation between infant temperament and adult personality. Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic technique is illustrated when a clinician asks a client to evaluate evidence for and against their negative thoughts?

Cognitive Restructuring Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is most likely used by a psychologist who attributes a client's depression to early childhood experiences?

Psychodynamic Approach Signup and view all the answers

What does the shooter's bias indicate about people's reactions to unarmed individuals of different races?

The bias is equally present for both Black and White individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What does self-fulfilling prophecy refer to in social interactions?

Expectations shaping how one behaves towards another and consequently influencing that person's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

How is the performance of a woman who hears a negative stereotype about driving likely to differ from one who does not?

She will most likely perform worse than the woman who did not hear the joke. Signup and view all the answers

What concept is exemplified by labeling a successful woman as a 'career woman'?

Subtyping Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Cohen's (1981) study regarding stereotypes and recall?

Stereotypes significantly influenced how information was perceived and recalled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the id according to psychoanalytic theory?

The instinctive component operating according to the pleasure principle. Signup and view all the answers

What stage of moral development is a child in when they believe Juliet did the wrong thing for breaking the law?

Pre-conventional Signup and view all the answers

Which response demonstrates a post-conventional perspective regarding the pricing of a cancer-curing drug?

The company should not have made the drug so expensive as all people deserve access and the company should be socially responsible. Signup and view all the answers

When a child protests changing the rules of a game by saying, 'You are not allowed to break the rules!', what level of moral development are they likely at?

Pre-conventional Signup and view all the answers

What parenting style is characterized by high value on obedience and lack of discussion on behavior importance?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

What does a telegraphic speech example from a child indicate?

Understanding of basic grammar Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading theory about Genie's language abilities given her exposure to language?

She was not exposed to language during a critical period. Signup and view all the answers

According to Cialdini's six principles of compliance, which principle is NOT included?

Uniqueness Signup and view all the answers

What do Milgram's studies on obedience reveal about human behavior?

Extreme behaviors can occur due to the right circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What persuasion technique is demonstrated when a volunteer asks for a larger donation after a declined first request?

Door-in-the-face technique Signup and view all the answers

Which persuasion technique is used when a friend successfully gets you to do a bigger task after first asking for a smaller favor?

Foot-in-the-door technique Signup and view all the answers

Why does performing a small act of kindness increase the likelihood of compliance with a subsequent request?

It creates a sense of obligation. Signup and view all the answers

What concept is illustrated by participants conforming to incorrect answers given by others, as shown in Asch's study?

Conformity Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Regan, which condition resulted in participants spending the most on raffle tickets?

When the confederate bought both drinks Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions is the principle of commitment considered to be most effective?

When it is active, effortful, public, and given voluntarily Signup and view all the answers

What key lesson can be drawn from Milgram's studies on obedience?

Authority figures can strongly influence people to act against their values. Signup and view all the answers

In James Marcia's identity statuses, which status is characterized by commitment to an identity without exploration?

Foreclosure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Quiz Questions - Revision/Study

Cognitive Dissonance: A person might be motivated to change their attitude to reduce inconsistency. Blake's behaviour after buying a Mac, after seeing a cheaper alternative, was motivated by cognitive dissonance. People's behaviour isn't always consistent with their feelings.
LaPiere's Study (1934): A study where a Chinese American couple travelled the US. They faced refusal of service at only one establishment. Later, contact with these places revealed inconsistent attitudes and behaviour.
Principle of Compatibility: A person's attitude will predict their behaviour if it is measured in the same way.
Attitudes: An association between an action/object and an evaluation.
Autism and Theory of Mind: Children with autism have impaired abilities to understand other people's mental states; these children have a defective theory of mind.
Helping vs. Comforting: Infants develop helping behaviour before comforting behaviour.
Little Krishna Experiment: A researcher tested a child's theory of mind by asking if a puppet understood the colour of a hidden object. Correct response ('the puppet doesn't know') indicates developed theory of mind.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Your expectations of a person can change their behaviour to match those expectations.
Sally-Anne Task: A test of false belief understanding. If Ben, during this task, says Sally will look for the marble in the box, he shows understanding.
Infant Temperament: Infant temperament is moderately correlated with adult personality.
Infant Depth Perception: Infants develop depth perception by 8 months old.
Infant Taste Preference: Newborns have a preference for sweet tastes.
Habituation: In infant experiments, habituating babies (getting them bored with something) to pictures lets researcher know if a baby recognizes a face, or other aspects.
Reflexes in Infants: Checking for the Moro reflex (infant arms spreading out).
Major Depressive Disorder: 12-month prevalence rate (6%-10%) and requires symptoms evident over two weeks or more..
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in Depression: CBT conceptualizes depression as linked to lack of positive reinforcement.
Double Depression: Diagnosed when a person has both Persistent Depressive Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder.
Historical Stimuli in SORCK Analysis: These influence behaviour, but don't directly cause it.
Classical and Operant Conditioning: Crucial types of conditioning in behavioural therapy.
Cognitive Restructuring: Guiding a client to examine evidence for and against their negative thoughts, a cognitive therapy method.
Psychodynamic Approach to Depression: Explains depression in terms of early childhood experiences.
Shooter's Bias: In computer simulations, people are more likely to shoot unarmed black men than unarmed white men. This bias exists irrespective of race.
Moral Development: Differences between pre-conventional and conventional moral decision-making.
Self-Chosen Ethical Standards: In the postconventional stage of development, behaviours align with self-chosen ethical standards, not just laws or societal expectations.
Foot-in-the Door Technique: A persuasion technique where someone makes a small request to gain compliance with a larger request later.
Door-in-the-Face Technique: A person makes a large request, the recipient says no, making a significantly smaller follow-up request for greater likelihood of complying.
Reciprocity Norm: A social norm where people tend to return favors.
Conformity: Participants matching incorrect responses of others in a study, showcasing influence.
Commitment Principle: Effective when a task is active, effortful, public, and voluntary.
Identity Statuses: This concept describes different stages of identity formation and explorations in adolescence. Foreclosure occurs when an individual accepts an identity prematurely rather than exploring further options.

Quiz 3

Schizophrenia Delusions: People with schizophrenia may have delusions of grandeur. This means they believe they're extremely famous, important, or powerful.
Schizophrenia Neurotransmitters: Dopamine is strongly implicated in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia Symptoms: The diathesis-stress model posits that biological vulnerable factors combine with stressors.
Intelligence Testing and Factors: Factor analysis determines the number of factors to describe an intelligence test.
IQ Calculation and Adults: Original IQ calculations may not properly account for age-related cognitive changes in adults.
Wechsler Scales: Modern IQ tests, like the Wechsler Scales, use same-age peer comparisons instead of mental age.

Quiz 2

Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id operates according to the pleasure principle, the Ego operates according to the reality principle.
Nomothetic Approach to Personality: Aims to identify universal laws governing behavior.
Temperament Dimensions: Psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism, according to Eysenck.
Humanistic Approach and Personality: Personality is about self-actualization, according to Maslow.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Useful tool for personality assessment.
Rorschach Inkblots: Projective tests, with limited reliability and validity.
Personality Definition: A consistent pattern of behavior and thought that varies across time and across people.
Twin Studies on Personality: Identical twins demonstrate high correlation in many personality dimensions.

Quiz 1

Cognitive Dissonance: People seek consistency between their attitudes and behaviours.
LaPiere (1934): The results of LaPiere's study demonstrated that attitudes and behaviours don't always align.
Compatibility Principle: For attitudes and behaviours to be compatible, they must be measured the same way.
Attitudes vs. Behaviors: Attitudes are evaluations (associations) and behaviors are actions.
Theory of Mind: Children develop theory of mind by inferring other people's mental states.
Helping vs. Comforting. Infants develop helping behaviours before comforting behaviors.
Little Krishna Experiment: Testing a child's development of theory of mind by assessing whether a child understands that someone can't know something directly observed by another individual.
Temperament: Infant temperament is moderately correlated with adult personality.
Infant Depth Perception: Develops by eight months old.
Infant Taste Preference: Infants prefer sweet tastes.
Habituation: A method in developmental psychology for determining infant's recognition.
Reflexes: Understanding infant reflexes helps psychologists assess development.
Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms and timeframe for diagnosis.
CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy): How it works for Depression.
Historical Stimuli: Influences behaviour.
Classical and Operant Conditioning. Conditioning-based therapy.
Cognitive Restructuring: Modifying thoughts or feelings.
Psychodynamic Approach: Emphasizes early childhood experiences.
Shooter's Bias: Example of biases present in our social judgements.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in psychology, focusing on attachment theory by Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby, developmental timelines, and the influences of social factors on behavior. Explore the intricacies of infant attachment, aggression in children, and the psychological implications of various disorders.