Quiz Questions -- Revision/Study PDF

**Quiz Questions -- Revision/Study** **[Quiz 1 ]** Practice Quiz 1: 28/30 Practice Quiz 2: 27/30 Practice Quiz 3: 28/30 1. **According to Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance, a person might be motivated to change their attitude:** To reduce inconsistency 2. **After Blake...

**Quiz Questions -- Revision/Study** **[Quiz 1 ]** Practice Quiz 1: 28/30 Practice Quiz 2: 27/30 Practice Quiz 3: 28/30 1. **According to Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance, a person might be motivated to change their attitude:** To reduce inconsistency 2. **After Blake bought his new Mac computer, he came across an ad for a Dell computer that had all the features he wanted and cost less. Blake began to collect all the information he could find on the value of buying a Mac. Blake's behaviour was motivated by:** Cognitive Dissonance 3. **LaPiere\'s (1934) study involved travelling around the US with a young Chinese American couple. They visited a large number of hotels, caravan parks, tourist homes, and restaurants, and were refused service in only one. Some time later, LaPiere contacted about half of these establishments and asked the question \"Will you accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment?\". The results of this study were originally interpreted as suggesting that:** People's behaviour is not always consistent with the way they really feel. 4. **What is the Principle of Compatibility?** A person's attitude will predict their behaviour when each are measured in the same way. 5. **An attitude is:** An association between an act or object and an evaluation. 6. **Children with autism have impaired ability to make inferences about other people\'s mental states; these children have defective **theory of mind. 7. **In terms of prosocial behaviour, infants develop** Helping **behaviour before they develop** Comforting **behaviour.** 8. **A researcher is conducting an experiment with little Krishna. Krishna is looking at a stage, which is set up with a puppet on one side, a large mountain in the middle, and a little blue house on the other side. The mountain blocks the puppet\'s view of the house. The researcher asks Krishna if the puppet knows what colour the house is. If Krishna has developed theory of mind, his answer will be, \"** The puppet does not know what colour the house is **\"; if he has not developed theory of mind, his answer will be, \"** Yes, the puppet thinks its blue. **\"** 9. **Matilda watches a researcher put pegs on a line. The researcher drops a peg, and Matilda instantly picks it up and gives it back to the researcher. They conclude that Matilda engaged in helping behaviour. What is the most plausible alternative explanation for this behaviour?** Matilda has an understanding of an association between a behaviour and an action. 10. **A researcher is conducting the Sally and Anne false belief experiment with Ben, who is three and a half years old. After watching Anne move Sally\'s marble from the basket to the box, the researcher asks Ben: Where will Sally look for the marble? Ben\'s answer is most likely to be:** In the box. 11. **Findings from longitudinal studies of infants\' temperaments show that:** Infant temperament is moderately correlated with adult personality (around 3) 12. **Infants develop a perception of depth by:** 8 months 13. **Newborn infants' have a preference for sweet tastes. This is an example of which of the following explanations of human development?** Nature 14. **Imagine if we wanted to find out if babies can recognize their own face. To do this, babies were shown pictures of faces of other babies until they were bored and then they were shown a picture of their own face. This type of experimental paradigm is known as:** Habituation. 15. **At an infant's one month check up, the doctor pretends to \"drop\" the infant to see if his arms would spread out. The doctor is checking for the which reflex.** Moro Reflex 16. **According to one view of depression, which of these errors in judgment is a person with depression most likely to make?** Exaggerating the negative events in their lives. 17. **What is the 12-month prevalence rate of Major Depressive Disorder**? Between 6%-10% 18. **For a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, how many symptoms must be demonstrated during a specific timeframe?** 5 or more during the same 2-week period. 19. **How does cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) conceptualize the maintenance of depression?** Lack of positive reinforcement 20. **Double Depression is** When an individual is diagnosed with both Persistent Depressive Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. 21. **What is the role of historical stimuli in the SORCK analysis?** They influence the likelihood of the behaviour occurring but don't directly elicit it. 22. **What is the SORCK analysis used for in the therapeutic process**? To understand the relationship between stimuli and response. 23. **What are the two types of conditioning central to Behavioural Therapy?** Classical and Operant Conditioning 24. **During therapy, a client expresses that they think they can\'t do anything right, and that they feel unhappy about it. The clinician asks the client to think about the evidence that confirms and disconfirms the thoughts they are having. This is an example of** Cognitive Restructuring. 25. **A clinical psychologist seeks to explain depression in an adult client in terms of his early childhood experiences. The psychologist is likely to be employing a:** A psychodynamic approach. 26. **In a computer simulation, people are more likely to shoot an unarmed Black man than an unarmed White man (the shooter's bias). Which of the following is true of the shooter's bias?** The shooter's bias is just as strong for Blacks as it is for Whites. 27. **Self-fulfilling prophecy is when\...** your expectations of a person change the way you interact with them and that in turn changes their behaviour in line with your expectations. 28. **Two women are about to complete their driving tests to get their licenses. Before one of the women begins her test, she hears a radio announcer make a joke about women being worse drivers than men. How well will the woman who heard the joke perform on her driving test, compared to the woman who did not?** She will most likely perform worse than the woman who did not hear the joke. 29. **You are on a crowded train and overhear a person describing a competent work colleague as a \"career woman\". This is an example of** Subtyping. 30. **Cohen (1981) conducted a study where participants were shown a videotape of a woman, whom they were told worked either as a waitress at a coffee shop or a librarian. then participants were asked to recall features of the video. What did the results of this study show?** That stereotypes influence the way we perceive and recall information. **[Quiz 2 ]** Practice Quiz 1: 26/30 1. **According to psychoanalytic theory, the id component of the human psyche is the** Instinctive component operating according to the pleasure principle. 2. **Aim nomothetic approach to personality seeks to understand personality by** Identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals. 3. **According to Eysenck, temperament is determined by the combination of what three dimensions?** Psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism. 4. **According to Maslow and the humanistic approach, personality is** the expression of the tendency to strive for self-actualisation. 5. **Imagine you are a psychologist who has been asked to provide a personality assessment of a 45-year-old female patient at a mental health facility in Sydney, Australia. Which of the following tools would be most useful?** The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 6. **James responds to a series of Rorschach inkblot projective tests. Multiple researchers cannot agree on what James\' responses mean, and his responses from the inkblot projective tests do not match his results from other objective measures of personality. This means that the projective tests James completed have** Low reliability **and** low validity. 7. **Personality can be defined as** A particular pattern of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time difference from one person to another. 8. **According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego components of the human psyche is** the decision-making component operating according to the reality principle. 9. **Evidence from twin studies on the causes of personality differences suggest that** Identical twins read part a correlated on many personality dimensions. 10. **According to the psychoanalytic theory of personality, what action can the ego take to resolve conflict between the id and the superego?** Use defence mechanisms such as denial or projection. 11. **A baby is playing intently with Lisa\'s car keys. She manages to get them away and puts them in her bag. The baby immediately begins playing intently with something else. This shows that the baby has not yet developed:** Object permanence 12. **A 6-month-old infant is able to engage in deferred imitation. This shows that:** Infants develop mental representations earlier than Piaget hypothesised. 13. **A 12-year-old\'s inability to solve an abstract hypothetical logical problem could be due to** sociocultural reasons**, such as differences in their** education and schooling**.** 14. **According to Piaget, the major difference between Stella (a girl in the Concrete Operational Stage) and Mary (a girl in the Formal Operational Stage) is that:** Stella would not be able to deal with abstract concepts. 15. **According to Piaget, what creates a state of disequilibrium?** When our schema or basic knowledge differs from a new experience. 16. **According to Mary Ainsworth, children have dual motivations. What are these motivations?** Exploration and security 17. **A baby is brought to a new room with her mother, and then explores the room after getting used to the new room. The baby shows a preference for her mother compared to a stranger, and becomes distressed at separation from her mother. What is the most likely attachment style for the baby?** Secure 18. **According to John Bowlby, the ultimate purpose of infant attachment is to:** Increase the likelihood of the infant's survival 19. **\"A specific window of time during which an event must occur\" is called a:** Critical period 20. **According to Bowlby, what is the Attachment Behavioural System?** A baby's control system designed to satisfy the goal of proximity to a caregiver. 21. **According to Kelley\'s (1973) covariation model of impression formation, information about** [low consistency] **helps us make a [SITUATIONAL] attribution.** 22. **According to Kelley\'s (1973) covariation model of impression formation, information about** [low consensus] **helps us make a [PERSON] attribution.** 23. **According to the** availability **heuristic, we judge an event\'s** frequency **by the ease with which we can remember instance of that event.** 24. **Characteristics attributed to people based on their membership in a specific group that are often over-generalised, inaccurate and resistant to new information are called:** Stereotypes 25. **According to Kelley\'s (1973) covariation model of impression formation, information about** [High Distinctiveness] **helps us make a [TARGET] attribution.** 26. **Although there is a biological basis for aggression:** No person is inevitably aggressive -- social factors and patterns of thinking are important. 27. **According to Freud and Le Bon, what causes group aggression?** The id. 28. **According to Wendy Josephson\'s experiment on aggression:** Children are more aggressive when given a cue that reminds them of a violent TV program than when they are not give the cue. 29. **According to social cognitive explanations of aggression, people develop aggressive tendencies because of:** Maladaptive thinking patterns 30. **Based on the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the below is false?** Alcohol decreases a person's sensitivity to immediate environmental cues. **[Quiz 3]** 1. **Beliefs by people with schizophrenia that they are extremely famous, important, or powerful are caused by delusions of:** Grandeur 1. **Which neurotransmitter(s) have been most strongly implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia:** Dopamine 1. **Alogia and avolition are both symptoms of schizophrenia. What type of symptoms are they?** Negative symptoms 1. **The diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia proposes that:** Schizophrenia is a combined product of biological vulnerability and stressors that trigger this vulnerability. 1. **Imagine you are speaking about your new dog, Patch, with your friend, Bill, who has schizophrenia. Bill suddenly begins talking about how he had to patch up a jacket that had a hole in the elbow, and how sore his joints have been lately. This is an example of:** Tangentiality 1. **In the context of intelligence testing, what is the main purpose of factor analysis?** Determine how many factors are required to describe the intelligence in a particular test. 1. **What problem became apparent when psychologists began using the original method of calculating IQ score with adults?** The IQ formula made it appear that adults [become less intelligent] as they grow older. 1. **Raven\'s progressive matrices assess:** \"G\" factor 1. **Sam has developed a new intelligence test as a measure for predicting the individual\'s academic success or job performance. He discovered that his new test is reliable, but not valid. What does this mean?** The test will produce consistent scores over time but does not predict academic success of job performance. 1. **A significant contribution of modern measures on intelligence such as the Wechsler scales is that they:** [Abandoned the concept] of mental age and instead [calculated IQ] as an individual's position relative to peers of the same age. 1. **At Kohlberg\'s postconventional level of moral understanding, what determines whether a particular action is viewed to be moral?** Whether or not the actions uphold [self-chosen ethical standards]. 1. **Juliet\'s little sister has forgotten her lunch money and is very hungry. Juliet steals some money from George\'s wallet to buy her little sister some lunch, and promises herself that she will replace it the next day. A child who hears this story says that Juliet did the wrong thing, because she broke the law. Which stage of moral development is this child in?** Pre-conventional 1. **A big pharmaceutical company marks up the price of their cancer-curing drug to \$10,000 per dose. Which of the following displays a post-conventional response to this scenario?** The company should not have made the drug so expensive as all people deserve the right to access this drug, and the company should be socially responsible. 1. **When one child tries to change the rules to a game of marbles, the child she is playing with gets very upset, shouting, \'You are not allowed to break the rules!\' This child is probably at Kohlberg\'s** Pre-conventional level **of moral development.** 1. **Parents who place high value on obedience and respect for authority and do not encourage discussion of why particular behaviours are important are described as:** Authoritarian 1. **Infants can** understand **language before they can** speak **language.** 1. **A child who Makes an overextension error:** applies a word to a [wider collection] of things than is appropriate 1. **Genie learned to speak after age 13. What is the leading theory about why her language functions were so different from those of socially developed humans?** She was not exposed to language during a critical period. 1. **Andre is 18 months old. When he is having dinner, he picks up a cup and says \"drink milk\". This is an example of** Telegraphic Speech. 1. **Telegraphic speech reflects children\'s:** understanding of basic grammar. 1. **Imagine that you step into an elevator with 4 other people. Usually people in crowded elevators stand facing the front, where the doors open and close. When would you be most likely to face the *wrong *way looking at the back wall, away from the doors?** When three other people in the elevator face the wrong way. 1. **Cialdini proposed six principles of compliance. What are they?** Reciprocation, consistency, social validation, liking, scarcity, and authority (RCSLSA). 1. **Milgram's studies on obedience show us what?** The power of context to create extreme behaviour, that ordinary people can do cruel and abusive things and the power of commitment. ALL OF THE ABOVE 1. **You are asked by a volunteer for a local charity to donate \$100 to their fundraising effort. When you decline, the same volunteer asks if you would donate \$10 instead. This volunteer is using which of the following tactics?** Door-in-the-face 1. **A friend asks you to help them unload some new flat-pack furniture they have just bought. Later that afternoon, you find yourself helping to assemble it. What persuasion technique did your friend use?** Foot-in-the-door technique 1. **You are more likely to get agreement to a request if, before making the request, you do a small, unsolicited act of kindness to the person you are trying to win compliance from. Which statement below best captures why this is the case?** There is a [strong reciprocation norm] in society. 1. **Asch (1955) conducted a study where participants were asked to identify, aloud, which of several vertical lines matched the length of another particular line. Participants who heard confederates give incorrect answers also provided the same incorrect answers about a third of the time. This study demonstrates the power of:** Conformity 1. **Regan (1971) conducted a study in which a confederate either bought themselves and the participant a soft drink, did not buy the participant a soft drink, or where the experimenter gave the participant a soft drink. Then, the confederate asked the participant to buy raffle tickets. In which condition did participants spend the most on raffle tickets?** In the condition where the [confederate gave the participant] a soft drink. 1. **Under what conditions is the principle of commitment most effective?** When it is active, effortful, public, and given voluntarily. 1. **Which of the following best summarizes the lessons learnt from Milgram's studies on obedience?** If the situation allows it, most people in society have the capacity in act in cruel and abusive ways. **[Quiz 4]** 1. **Tahlia says she's pretty good at baking like her mother, and will take over the family bakery one day. She thinks that baking has been a good occupation for her mother, so it will do for her too. Tahlia is in which one of James Marcia's identity statues?** Foreclosure 1. **What is synaptic pruning?** The brains process of clearing away connections that are [not being used] and strengthening connections that are being used. 1. **Which advantage is a girl who is LATE to go through puberty most likely to experience in the LONG-TERM as an adult?** Complete higher levels of education 1. **Mark is going through puberty [quite early]. Research indicates that Mark is likely to:** Have a [greater] self-assurance 1. **Which statement is NOT true?** Generally boys experience the growth spurt of puberty before girls. 1. **People can make all sorts of mistaken assumption on the basis of your:** All of the above (body language, clothes, facial expressions) 1. **According to Riggio (1992), in a social context, what do people tend to focus more on?** The more subtle nonverbal information from others. 1. **Emblems can be used to:** All of the above (insult others, give directions, signal departure) 1. **Which of the following can be considered a source of nonverbal communication:** All of the above (facial expressions, the pitch of your voice, the clothes you wear) 1. **Approximately what percentage of information and associated meaning is communicated nonverbally?** 60-65% 1. **The model of selective optimisation with compensation proposes that successful ageing is related to three main factors. One factor suggests that in old age there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandates a reduction of performance in most domains of life. What is the name of this factor?** Selection 1. **According to Gene Cohen, the midlife re-evaluation phase is characterised by:** The need for new challenges and complexity in life. 1. **Vincent is 65 years old. He has taken great care to protect himself against risk factors for disease and disability, and has kept active both physically and mentally. According to Rowe and Kahn, what else could Vincent do to increase his likelihood of ageing successfully?** Maintain contact with his family and friends. 1. On a population level, older adults tend to have higher levels of **agreeableness and conscientiousness** than younger adults. 1. **Betty is in late adulthood. According to Socioemotional Selectivity theory, it is likely she will** spend most of her time with good friends. 1. **The self is most likely the result of:** what society makes possible and how you choose to react. 1. **Low self-esteem is defined by:** a confusion about what the self is 1. **When thinking about our own opinions and beliefs, we tend to rely on:** False uniqueness 1. **Which is true for people experiencing mild depression?** They tend to have more accurate estimates of how much control they have in life. 1. **When thinking about our own abilities, we tend to rely on:** False Uniqueness 1. **What is the impact of stress on a person\'s immune system functioning?** It supresses it 1. **Which of the following is true about constructive coping?** It involves being task oriented in dealing with the specific stressor, but also behaviours that prepare your body for stress in general. 1. **Sue is a professional dart player. She is about to make a throw that will decide a championship match. She becomes overly aware of how she is holding the dart and how her feet are placed. What is Sue likely to be experiencing?** Choking under pressure 1. **According to Hans Selye\'s General Adaptation Syndrome, what happens during the stage of exhaustion when dealing with a chronic stressor?** The organs of the body become impaired from trying to cope with the stressor 1. **Stress\....** Lies in the eye of the beholder 1. **After dementia, the most commonly occurring psychiatric disorder in later life is** anxiety 1. **Leonard is 70 years old. His eyesight has gradually deteriorated over the last decade. This deterioration is an example of** primary ageing. 1. **What is a cohort effect?** People during the same period of time tend to have lived through similar experiences, resulting in a similar outlook on certain subjects. 1. **Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for depressions in older adults?** Poor financial status 1. **Secondary ageing changes are due to** disease process or trauma