Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of synchrony in early parent-infant interactions?
Which stage of attachment involves infants signaling their needs through crying and body movements?
What type of attachment is characterized by infants who cling to caregivers but also show anger when separated?
Which of the following best describes disorganized attachment?
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What does the Stranger Situation assess?
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What is a potential long-term effect of social deprivation lasting more than a year?
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During which stage do children actively seek to make their caregivers proud by learning?
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Which of the following best defines social referencing?
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Study Notes
Three Aspects of Social Involvement
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Synchrony: Early interactions between parents and infants facilitate social skill development; lack of synchrony may hinder emotional and cognitive growth.
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Still-face technique: Demonstrates that synchrony is essential for infants and is experience-expectant.
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Attachment: Refers to the emotional bond between two individuals, fundamental for survival and lifelong connection.
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John Bowlby's contribution (1982): Identified critical attachment behaviors, such as contact-maintaining and proximity-seeking.
Stages of Attachment
- Preattachment (Birth to 6 weeks): Newborns signal their needs through crying and movements.
- Attachment in the making (6 weeks to 8 months): Infants begin to show preferences for familiar individuals.
- Classic secure attachment (8 months to 2 years): Infants actively seek out and greet their primary caregivers.
- Attachment as a launching pad (2 to 6 years): Children look for caregiver approval as they explore.
- Mutual attachment (6 to 12 years): Children focus on making caregivers proud through learning and achievements.
- New attachment figures (12 to 18 years): Teenagers form friendships and connections independently of parents.
- Attachment revisited (18 and onward): Adult relationships are influenced by early attachment experiences.
Types of Attachment
- Secure attachment: About two-thirds of infants demonstrate comfort and confidence in their relationships.
- Insecure-avoidant attachment: Infants engage in independent play, showing little interest in contact with caregivers.
- Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment: Infants exhibit clinginess and anger towards caregivers when separated; these types account for one-third of infants.
- Disorganized attachment: Characterized by erratic behaviors, like transitioning abruptly between hitting and crying; affects 5-10% of infants and may increase risk of future psychological issues.
Operational Definition of Attachment
- Defines observable behaviors that reflect attachment constructs, facilitating measurement consistency among researchers.
- Mary Ainsworth's contribution (1973): Developed the Stranger Situation to assess one-year-olds' responses to stress in the presence or absence of their caregivers.
Social Deprivation Lasting More Than a Year
- Results in significant cognitive and social deficits that persist into adulthood.
- Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: Increases vulnerability in adults due to a tendency to follow potentially harmful individuals.
- Evidence suggests that familial environments are more beneficial for children than those provided by trained strangers.
- Extended institutional stays correlate with greater social and intellectual harm to children.
Social Referencing
- Refers to infants seeking emotional cues and information from others.
- One-year-olds rely on social evaluations from caregivers and others to gauge emotional contexts.
- Toddlers develop skills to interpret expressions, which helps them understand genuine emotions and use social cues effectively.
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Description
Explore the critical concepts of synchrony and attachment in early social interactions. This quiz delves into how parent-infant connections shape emotional development and the lifelong impact of these attachments, supported by John Bowlby's theories. Test your understanding of these foundational psychological principles.
